{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T23:44:52Z","timestamp":1789083892775,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection typically resolves within 4\u20137 wk but symptomatic relapse occurs in up to 20% of cases. Immune mechanisms that terminate acute HAV infection, and prevent a relapse of virus replication and liver disease, are unknown. Here, patterns of T cell immunity, virus replication, and hepatocellular injury were studied in two HAV-infected chimpanzees. HAV-specific CD8+ T cells were either not detected in the blood or failed to display effector function until after viremia and hepatitis began to subside. The function of CD8+ T cells improved slowly as the cells acquired a memory phenotype but was largely restricted to production of IFN-\u03b3. In contrast, CD4+ T cells produced multiple cytokines when viremia first declined. Moreover, only CD4+ T cells responded during a transient resurgence of fecal HAV shedding. This helper response then contracted slowly over several months as HAV genomes were eliminated from liver. The findings indicate a dominant role for CD4+ T cells in the termination of HAV infection and, possibly, surveillance of an intrahepatic reservoir of HAV genomes that decays slowly. Rapid contraction or failure to sustain such a CD4+ T cell response after resolution of symptoms could increase the risk of relapsing hepatitis A.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,3]],"date-time":"2012-07-03T00:45:44Z","timestamp":1341276344000},"page":"1481-1492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Dominance of the CD4+ T helper cell response during acute resolving hepatitis A virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"209","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunity, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Callendret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunity, the Research Institute at 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