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In the throat, IgG was mostly bound to the bacterial surface via Fc, whereas in the blood IgG was mostly bound via fragment antigen-binding (Fab). In infected and necrotic tissue, the Fc-binding proteins were removed from the bacterial surface. Further investigation showed that efficient bacterial IgGFc-binding occurs only in IgG-poor environments, such as saliva. As a consequence, the bacteria are protected against phagocytic killing, whereas in blood plasma where the concentration of IgG is high, the antibodies preferentially bind via Fab, facilitating opsonization and bacterial killing. IgG-poor environments represent the natural habitat for IgGFc-binding bacteria, and IgGFc-binding proteins may have evolved to execute their function in such environments. The lack of protection in plasma also helps to explain why cases of severe invasive infections with IgGFc-binding bacteria are so rare compared with superficial and uncomplicated infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20120325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,10]],"date-time":"2012-12-10T22:58:10Z","timestamp":1355180290000},"page":"2367-2381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Antibody orientation at bacterial surfaces is related to invasive infection"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"209","author":[{"given":"Pontus","family":"Nordenfelt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine 1 ; and 2"},{"name":"Department of Immunotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 1 ; and 2"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine 1 ; and 2"},{"name":"Department of Immunotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 1 ; and 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Waldemarson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine 1 ; and 2"},{"name":"Department of Immunotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 1 ; and 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Linder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine 1 ; and 2"},{"name":"Department of Immunotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 1 ; and 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"M\u00f6rgelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine 1 ; and 2"},{"name":"Department of Immunotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 1 ; and 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christofer","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine 1 ; and 2"},{"name":"Department of Immunotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 1 ; and 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Malmstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine 1 ; and 2"},{"name":"Department of Immunotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 1 ; and 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Bj\u00f6rck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine 1 ; and 2"},{"name":"Department of Immunotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 1 ; and 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072600590986300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/0161-5890(90)90071-7","article-title":"Protein H\u2014a novel IgG binding bacterial protein","volume":"27","author":"\u00c5kesson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. 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