{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:02:36Z","timestamp":1792692156092,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abnormal glucose metabolism and enhanced oxidative stress accelerate cardiovascular disease, a chronic inflammatory condition causing high morbidity and mortality. Here, we report that in monocytes and macrophages of patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD), overutilization of glucose promotes excessive and prolonged production of the cytokines IL-6 and IL-1\u03b2, driving systemic and tissue inflammation. In patient-derived monocytes and macrophages, increased glucose uptake and glycolytic flux fuel the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, which in turn promote dimerization of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and enable its nuclear translocation. Nuclear PKM2 functions as a protein kinase that phosphorylates the transcription factor STAT3, thus boosting IL-6 and IL-1\u03b2 production. Reducing glycolysis, scavenging superoxide and enforcing PKM2 tetramerization correct the proinflammatory phenotype of CAD macrophages. In essence, PKM2 serves a previously unidentified role as a molecular integrator of metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress and tissue inflammation and represents a novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20150900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,29]],"date-time":"2016-02-29T22:04:04Z","timestamp":1456783444000},"page":"337-354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":532,"title":["The glycolytic enzyme PKM2 bridges metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction in coronary artery disease"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"213","author":[{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Shirai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafal R.","family":"Nazarewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 1"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara B.","family":"Wallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolando E.","family":"Yanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryu","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Hilhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Giacomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Themistocles L.","family":"Assimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg J.","family":"Goronzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia M.","family":"Weyand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072603213463400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1211485","article-title":"Inhibition of pyruvate kinase M2 by reactive oxygen species contributes to cellular antioxidant responses","volume":"334","author":"Anastasiou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2023072603213463400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303887","article-title":"Oxidized low-density lipoprotein induces long-term proinflammatory cytokine production and foam cell formation via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes","volume":"34","author":"Bekkering","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler. 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