{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T22:32:42Z","timestamp":1769553162504,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"6","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["092661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["092661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004410","name":"European Molecular Biology Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI-036525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI-036525"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U-19 AI-082655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U-19 AI-082655"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19-AI109776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19-AI109776"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U-19 AI089987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U-19 AI089987"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U-19 AI057234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U-19 AI057234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AI82210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI82210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002141","name":"Public Health England","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Enteric fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, is an important public health problem in resource-limited settings and, despite decades of research, human responses to the infection are poorly understood. In 41 healthy adults experimentally infected with wild-type S. Typhi, we detected significant cytokine responses within 12 h of bacterial ingestion. These early responses did not correlate with subsequent clinical disease outcomes and likely indicate initial host\u2013pathogen interactions in the gut mucosa. In participants developing enteric fever after oral infection, marked transcriptional and cytokine responses during acute disease reflected dominant type I\/II interferon signatures, which were significantly associated with bacteremia. Using a murine and macrophage infection model, we validated the pivotal role of this response in the expression of proteins of the host tryptophan metabolism during Salmonella infection. Corresponding alterations in tryptophan catabolites with immunomodulatory properties in serum of participants with typhoid fever confirmed the activity of this pathway, and implicate a central role of host tryptophan metabolism in the pathogenesis of typhoid fever.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,25]],"date-time":"2016-05-25T14:08:27Z","timestamp":1464185307000},"page":"1061-1077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Interferon-driven alterations of the host\u2019s amino acid metabolism in the pathogenesis of typhoid fever"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"213","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1453-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph J.","family":"Blohmke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, England, UK 1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2209-9956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Darton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, England, UK 1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, England, UK 1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8429-8374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas M.","family":"Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210 2"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire S.","family":"Waddington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, England, UK 1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3598-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Angus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX1 2JD, England, UK 3"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liqing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, England, UK 1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Pathogenesis Group, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England, UK 5"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Clare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Pathogenesis Group, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England, UK 5"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2241-8120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leanne","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Pathogenesis Group, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England, UK 5"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subhankar","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Pathogenesis Group, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England, UK 5"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Pathogenesis Group, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England, UK 5"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0567-0412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A.","family":"Duque-Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Pathogenesis Group, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England, UK 5"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6950-4328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James C.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteomic Mass Spectrometry, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England, UK 6"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theodoros I.","family":"Roumeliotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteomic Mass Spectrometry, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England, UK 6"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteomic Mass Spectrometry, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England, UK 6"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0881-5477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyoti S.","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteomic Mass Spectrometry, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England, UK 6"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5983-8006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asuncion","family":"Mejias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210 2"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Octavio","family":"Ramilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210 2"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4842-9247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milensu","family":"Shanyinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 2JD, England, UK 4"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo B.","family":"Sztein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 7"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Kingsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Pathogenesis Group, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England, UK 5"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0805-2193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Lockhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergent Product Development UK, Emergent BioSolutions, Wokingham RG41 5TU, England, UK 10"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myron M.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 7"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4664-1404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Lynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBL Australia Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia 8"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia 9"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0022-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordon","family":"Dougan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Pathogenesis Group, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England, UK 5"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7361-719X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Pollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, England, UK 1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34390","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034390","article-title":"Host immune transcriptional profiles reflect the variability in clinical disease manifestations in patients with Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"7","author":"Banchereau","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-199902000-00007","article-title":"Growth factors in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"5","author":"Beck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37314","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037314","article-title":"M. tuberculosis induces potent activation of IDO-1, but this is not essential for the immunological control of infection","volume":"7","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq156","article-title":"Early patterns of gene expression correlate with the humoral immune response to influenza vaccination in humans","volume":"203","author":"Bucasas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3642","article-title":"Democratizing systems immunology with modular transcriptional repertoire analyses","volume":"14","author":"Chaussabel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.05.012","article-title":"A modular analysis framework for blood genomics studies: application to systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"29","author":"Chaussabel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17247","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.29.17247","article-title":"Cooperative role of interferon regulatory factor 1 and p91 (STAT1) response elements in interferon-gamma-inducible expression of human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase gene","volume":"271","author":"Chon","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib8","first-page":"346","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid fever","volume":"82","author":"Crump","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.10.1435","article-title":"Activated platelets are the source of elevated levels of soluble CD40 ligand in the circulation of inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"52","author":"Danese","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002933","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002933","article-title":"Host-pathogen interaction in invasive Salmonellosis","volume":"8","author":"de Jong","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib11","first-page":"24","volume-title":"Identification of Salmonella species.","author":"England","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib12","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Investigation of Blood Cultures (for Organisms other than Mycobacterium species).","author":"England","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.2.779-786.2002","article-title":"L-tryptophan-L-kynurenine pathway metabolism accelerated by Toxoplasma gondii infection is abolished in gamma interferon-gene-deficient mice: cross-regulation between inducible nitric oxide synthase and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase","volume":"70","author":"Fujigaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R80","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2004-5-10-r80","article-title":"Bioconductor: open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics","volume":"5","author":"Gentleman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13300","article-title":"Clonal selection in the germinal centre by regulated proliferation and hypermutation","volume":"509","author":"Gitlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.9.3321","article-title":"Salmonella typhimurium aroA- infection in gene-targeted immunodeficient mice: major role of CD4+ TCR-\u03b1 \u03b2 cells and IFN-\u03b3 in bacterial clearance independent of intracellular location","volume":"156","author":"Hess","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197009242831306","article-title":"Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and immunologic control","volume":"283","author":"Hornick","year":"1970","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197010012831406","article-title":"Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and immunologic control. 2","volume":"283","author":"Hornick","year":"1970","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002131","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002131","article-title":"A Salmonella Typhimurium-Typhi genomic chimera: a model to study Vi polysaccharide capsule function in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Jansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0551","article-title":"Acute and potentially life-threatening tropical diseases in western travelers--a GeoSentinel multicenter study, 1996-2011","volume":"88","author":"Jensenius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.6.1306","article-title":"Patterns of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibitors during typhoid fever","volume":"169","author":"Keuter","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91316-X","article-title":"Protective activity of Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine against typhoid fever","volume":"2","author":"Klugman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01284.x","article-title":"Clinical consequences of defects in the IL-12-dependent interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) pathway","volume":"121","author":"Lammas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1907.121573","article-title":"Travel-associated illness trends and clusters, 2000-2010","volume":"19","author":"Leder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts034","article-title":"The sva package for removing batch effects and other unwanted variation in high-throughput experiments","volume":"28","author":"Leek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01487-3","article-title":"Host-Salmonella interaction: human trials","volume":"3","author":"Levine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-09-246124","article-title":"Selective inhibition of IDO1 effectively regulates mediators of antitumor immunity","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-4-117","article-title":"Curating the innate immunity interactome","volume":"4","author":"Lynn","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Syst. Biol."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1086\/425021","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 are key cytokines for immunity against Salmonella in humans","volume":"190","author":"MacLennan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004914","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004914","article-title":"Activation of Salmonella Typhi-specific regulatory T cells in typhoid disease in a wild-type S. Typhi challenge model","volume":"11","author":"McArthur","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13157","article-title":"Caspase-11 activation requires lysis of pathogen-containing vacuoles by IFN-induced GTPases","volume":"509","author":"Meunier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.10.001","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase and metabolic control of immune responses","volume":"34","author":"Munn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.9.1363","article-title":"Inhibition of T cell proliferation by macrophage tryptophan catabolism","volume":"189","author":"Munn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425913496442","article-title":"The IDO1-induced kynurenines play a major role in the antimicrobial effect of human myeloid cells against Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"20","author":"Ni\u00f1o-Castro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.12.008","article-title":"Systems scale interactive exploration reveals quantitative and qualitative differences in response to influenza and pneumococcal vaccines","volume":"38","author":"Obermoser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10491","article-title":"An endogenous tumour-promoting ligand of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"478","author":"Opitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R127","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2009-10-11-r127","article-title":"Genomic transcriptional profiling identifies a candidate blood biomarker signature for the diagnosis of septicemic melioidosis","volume":"10","author":"Pankla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020201","article-title":"Typhoid fever","volume":"347","author":"Parry","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00008-10","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 is a lung-specific innate immune defense mechanism that inhibits growth of Francisella tularensis tryptophan auxotrophs","volume":"78","author":"Peng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/24.7.807","article-title":"Studies of tryptophan metabolism in experimental animals and man during infectious illness","volume":"24","author":"Rapoport","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.10.033","article-title":"The mannose receptor negatively modulates the Toll-like receptor 4-aryl hydrocarbon receptor-indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase axis in dendritic cells affecting T helper cell polarization","volume":"11","author":"Salazar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.4.2196","article-title":"Characterization of CD8(+) effector T cell responses in volunteers immunized with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain Ty21a typhoid vaccine","volume":"169","author":"Salerno-Goncalves","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074097","article-title":"Stochastic simulation of endemic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi: the importance of long lasting immunity and the carrier state","volume":"8","author":"Saul","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks","volume":"13","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17492","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407536101","article-title":"Vi polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi targets the prohibitin family of molecules in intestinal epithelial cells and suppresses early inflammatory responses","volume":"101","author":"Sharma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31911","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells from mouse tumor-draining lymph nodes directly activate mature Tregs via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase","volume":"117","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.2.859-868.2002","article-title":"Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, tryptophan degradation, and kynurenine formation during in vivo infection with Toxoplasma gondii: induction by endogenous \u03b3 interferon and requirement of interferon regulatory factor 1","volume":"70","author":"Silva","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00516","article-title":"Complex adaptive immunity to enteric fevers in humans: lessons learned and the path forward","volume":"5","author":"Sztein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.04.012","article-title":"Amino acid starvation induced by invasive bacterial pathogens triggers an innate host defense program","volume":"11","author":"Tattoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22433","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912386106","article-title":"Transcriptional response in the peripheral blood of patients infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi","volume":"106","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71098","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071098","article-title":"Efficient, long term production of monocyte-derived macrophages from human pluripotent stem cells under partly-defined and fully-defined conditions","volume":"8","author":"van Wilgenburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2839","article-title":"ProteomeXchange provides globally coordinated proteomics data submission and dissemination","volume":"32","author":"Vizca\u00edno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu078","article-title":"An outpatient, ambulant-design, controlled human infection model using escalating doses of Salmonella Typhi challenge delivered in sodium bicarbonate solution","volume":"58","author":"Waddington","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.18602","article-title":"Typhoid fever: \u201cyou can\u2019t hit what you can\u2019t see\u201d","volume":"3","author":"Wangdi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40221","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040221","article-title":"Biomarkers of inflammation, immunosuppression and stress with active disease are revealed by metabolomic profiling of tuberculosis patients","volume":"7","author":"Weiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4084","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.8.4084","article-title":"Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in mouse lung during virus infection","volume":"76","author":"Yoshida","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.10.007","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in infection: the paradox of an evasive strategy that benefits the host","volume":"11","author":"Zelante","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2023072603341769600_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12140","article-title":"Feast or famine: the host-pathogen battle over amino acids","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article-pdf\/213\/6\/1061\/1756141\/jem_20151025.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article-pdf\/213\/6\/1061\/1756141\/jem_20151025.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T03:35:38Z","timestamp":1690342538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article\/213\/6\/1061\/42075\/Interferon-driven-alterations-of-the-host-s-amino"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20151025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1007","1540-9538"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1007","type":"print"},{"value":"1540-9538","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]]}}}