{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:28:33Z","timestamp":1790681313119,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"7","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI109486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI109486"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI116930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI116930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI1021571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI1021571"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 AI100569"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 AI100569"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1086229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1086229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1069779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1069779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"United States Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1I01BX003312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1I01BX003312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human babesiosis is a tick-borne multisystem disease caused by Babesia species of the apicomplexan phylum. Most clinical cases and fatalities of babesiosis are caused by Babesia microti. Current treatment for human babesiosis consists of two drug combinations, atovaquone + azithromycin or quinine + clindamycin. These treatments are associated with adverse side effects and a significant rate of drug failure. Here, we provide evidence for radical cure of experimental babesiosis in immunodeficient mice using a combination of an endochin-like quinolone (ELQ) prodrug and atovaquone. In vivo efficacy studies in mice using ELQ-271, ELQ-316, and the ELQ-316 prodrug, ELQ-334, demonstrated excellent growth inhibitory activity against the parasite, with potency equal to that of orally administered atovaquone at 10 mg\/kg. Analysis of recrudescent parasites after ELQ or atovaquone monotherapy identified genetic substitutions in the Qi or Qo sites, respectively, of the cytochrome bc1 complex. Impressively, a combination of ELQ-334 and atovaquone, at doses as low as 5.0 mg\/kg each, resulted in complete clearance of the parasite with no recrudescence up to 122 d after discontinuation of therapy. These results will set the stage for future clinical evaluation of ELQ and atovaquone combination therapy for treatment of human babesiosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]],"date-time":"2016-06-06T14:12:27Z","timestamp":1465222347000},"page":"1307-1318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Radical cure of experimental babesiosis in immunodeficient mice using a combination of an endochin-like quinolone and atovaquone"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"213","author":[{"given":"Lauren A.","family":"Lawres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aprajita","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidya","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Bruzual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac P.","family":"Forquer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaline","family":"Renard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azan Z.","family":"Virji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Boulard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo X.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sovitj","family":"Pou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith W.","family":"Wegmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf W.","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Nilsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialing","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas A.","family":"Preston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexia A.","family":"Belperron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda K.","family":"Bockenstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Hinrichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Riscoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Stone","family":"Doggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choukri","family":"Ben Mamoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2091-11-4","article-title":"Identification of inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase using an enzyme-coupled transmethylation assay","volume":"11","author":"Bobenchik","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Biochem."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01560-05","article-title":"Babesia microti primarily invades mature erythrocytes in mice","volume":"74","author":"Borggraefe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02825.x","article-title":"An rRNA mutation identifies the apicoplast as the target for clindamycin in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"43","author":"Camps","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416611112","article-title":"Antimalarial 4(1H)-pyridones bind to the Qi site of cytochrome bc1","volume":"112","author":"Capper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(99)00022-7","article-title":"Inhibition of growth of cultured Babesia microti by serum and macrophages in the presence or absence of T cells","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/252328a0","article-title":"Babesia microti and Plasmodium berghei yoelii infections in nude mice","volume":"252","author":"Clark","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9102","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks700","article-title":"Sequencing of the smallest Apicomplexan genome from the human pathogen Babesia microti","volume":"40","author":"Cornillot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15936","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208069109","article-title":"Endochin-like quinolones are highly efficacious against acute and latent experimental toxoplasmosis","volume":"109","author":"Doggett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2000.40030375.x","article-title":"Fulminant babesiosis treated with clindamycin, quinine, and whole-blood exchange transfusion","volume":"40","author":"Dorman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transfusion."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.5.809","article-title":"Babesiosis in patients with AIDS: a chronic infection presenting as fever of unknown origin","volume":"22","author":"Falagas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2007.00328.x","article-title":"Molecular basis of resistance to cytochrome bc1 inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Fisher","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9067","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0341814","article-title":"Structural basis for the quinone reduction in the bc1 complex: a comparative analysis of crystal structures of mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 with bound substrate and inhibitors at the Qi site","volume":"42","author":"Gao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochemistry."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9064","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09064","article-title":"Structure, function and inhibition of the phosphoethanolamine methyltransferases of the human malaria parasites Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi","volume":"5","author":"Garg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.2307\/3285750","article-title":"Activity of atovaquone against Babesia microti in the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus","volume":"85","author":"Gray","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830500113","article-title":"Pancytopenia due to hemophagocytic syndrome as the presenting manifestation of babesiosis","volume":"50","author":"Gupta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1086\/319742","article-title":"Severe babesiosis in Long Island: review of 34 cases and their complications","volume":"32","author":"Hatcher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(03)00391-0","article-title":"Protonmotive pathways and mechanisms in the cytochrome bc1 complex","volume":"545","author":"Hunte","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00137-5","article-title":"Human babesiosis: an emerging tick-borne disease","volume":"30","author":"Kjemtrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807163390304","article-title":"Persistent parasitemia after acute babesiosis","volume":"339","author":"Krause","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200011163432004","article-title":"Atovaquone and azithromycin for the treatment of babesiosis","volume":"343","author":"Krause","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1086\/525852","article-title":"Persistent and relapsing babesiosis in immunocompromised patients","volume":"46","author":"Krause","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.090126","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum potassium-hydrogen exchanger and small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activities are essential for ER calcium uptake in neurons and cardiomyocytes","volume":"125","author":"Kuum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05900-11","article-title":"Macrophages are critical for cross-protective immunity conferred by Babesia microti against Babesia rodhaini infection in mice","volume":"80","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.1.91","article-title":"Evaluation of selected antiprotozoal drugs in the Babesia microti-hamster model","volume":"41","author":"Marley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-008-9176-4","article-title":"Mitochondria in malaria and related parasites: ancient, diverse and streamlined","volume":"40","author":"Mather","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib26","first-page":"628","article-title":"[First documentation of transfusion-associated babesiosis in Japan]","volume":"41","author":"Matsui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rinsho Ketsueki."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5555","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01183-15","article-title":"ELQ-300 prodrugs for enhanced delivery and single-dose cure of malaria","volume":"59","author":"Miley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00168-15","article-title":"Expression, Purification, and Biological Characterization of Babesia microti Apical Membrane Antigen 1","volume":"83","author":"Moitra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177ra37","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005029","article-title":"Quinolone-3-diarylethers: a new class of antimalarial drug","volume":"5","author":"Nilsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3818","DOI":"10.1021\/jm500147k","article-title":"Discovery, synthesis, and optimization of antimalarial 4(1H)-quinolone-3-diarylethers","volume":"57","author":"Nilsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib31","first-page":"S0732-8893(16)30029-3","article-title":"Persistence of babesiosis for &gt;2 years in a patient on rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis","author":"Raffalli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/cber.19480810103","article-title":"\u00dc ber einen neuen, gegen Vogelmalaria wirksamen Verbindungstypus","volume":"81","author":"Salzer","year":"1948","journal-title":"Chem. Ber."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00006.2014","article-title":"Electronic connection between the quinone and cytochrome C redox pools and its role in regulation of mitochondrial electron transport and redox signaling","volume":"95","author":"Sarewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.509","article-title":"Ability of azithromycin in combination with quinine for the elimination of babesial infection in humans","volume":"59","author":"Shih","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M608615200","article-title":"In vitro efficacy, resistance selection, and structural modeling studies implicate the malarial parasite apicoplast as the target of azithromycin","volume":"282","author":"Sidhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04149-14","article-title":"Subtle changes in endochin-like quinolone structure alter the site of inhibition within the cytochrome bc1 complex of Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"59","author":"Stickles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02128-14","article-title":"Macrophages are the determinant of resistance to and outcome of nonlethal Babesia microti infection in mice","volume":"83","author":"Terkawi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02317.x","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted Babesia microti identified through hemovigilance","volume":"49","author":"Tonnetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfusion."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1126\/science.781840","article-title":"Human malaria parasites in continuous culture","volume":"193","author":"Trager","year":"1976","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1054\/drup.2000.0157","article-title":"Atovaquone resistance in malaria parasites","volume":"3","author":"Vaidya","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00486-12","article-title":"HDQ, a potent inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation, binds to the quinone reduction site of the cytochrome bc1 complex","volume":"56","author":"Valli\u00e8res","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202018","article-title":"Human babesiosis","volume":"366","author":"Vannier","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.008","article-title":"Babesiosis","volume":"29","author":"Vannier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1086\/523731","article-title":"Treatment of refractory Babesia microti infection with atovaquone-proguanil in an HIV-infected patient: case report","volume":"45","author":"Vyas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.5.1289","article-title":"Efficacy of azithromycin for treating Babesia microti infection in the hamster model","volume":"168","author":"Weiss","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.10.016","article-title":"Optimization of endochin-like quinolones for antimalarial activity","volume":"127","author":"Winter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.219","article-title":"Atovaquone in the treatment of Babesia microti infections in hamsters","volume":"55","author":"Wittner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1086\/649859","article-title":"Emergence of resistance to azithromycin-atovaquone in immunocompromised patients with Babesia microti infection","volume":"50","author":"Wormser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.03.009","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted babesiosis in an immunocompromised patient: a case report and review","volume":"124","author":"Wudhikarn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"2023072603282693300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02454.x","article-title":"A fatal case of transfusion-transmitted babesiosis in the State of Delaware","volume":"49","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfusion."}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article-pdf\/213\/7\/1307\/1755705\/jem_20151519.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article-pdf\/213\/7\/1307\/1755705\/jem_20151519.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T03:29:07Z","timestamp":1690342147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article\/213\/7\/1307\/42178\/Radical-cure-of-experimental-babesiosis-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20151519","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1007","1540-9538"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1007","type":"print"},{"value":"1540-9538","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]]}}}