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Immunocompetent humans and animals, however, can tolerate high doses of L. monocytogenes without developing systemic disease. The intestinal microbiota provides colonization resistance against many orally acquired pathogens, and antibiotic-mediated depletion of the microbiota reduces host resistance to infection. Here we show that a diverse microbiota markedly reduces Listeria monocytogenes colonization of the gut lumen and prevents systemic dissemination. Antibiotic administration to mice before low dose oral inoculation increases L. monocytogenes growth in the intestine. In immunodeficient or chemotherapy-treated mice, the intestinal microbiota provides nonredundant defense against lethal, disseminated infection. We have assembled a consortium of commensal bacteria belonging to the Clostridiales order, which exerts in vitro antilisterial activity and confers in vivo resistance upon transfer into germ free mice. Thus, we demonstrate a defensive role of the gut microbiota against Listeria monocytogenes infection and identify intestinal commensal species that, by enhancing resistance against this pathogen, represent potential probiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]],"date-time":"2017-06-06T10:10:11Z","timestamp":1496743811000},"page":"1973-1989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":226,"title":["Commensal microbes provide first line defense against\n                    <i>Listeria monocytogenes<\/i>\n                    infection"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"214","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5985-0403","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simone","family":"Becattini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric R.","family":"Littmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lucille Castori Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9967-2955","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebecca A.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohn G.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sejal 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