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We tagged rhesus macaque autologous HSPCs with genetic barcodes, allowing clonal tracking over time and space after transplantation. We found marked geographic segregation of CD34+ HSPCs for at least 6 mo posttransplantation, followed by very gradual clonal mixing at different BM sites over subsequent months to years. Clonal mapping was used to document local production of granulocytes, monocytes, B cells, and CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells. In contrast, CD16+CD56\u2212 NK cells were not produced in the BM, and in fact were clonally distinct from multipotent progenitors producing all other lineages. Most surprisingly, we documented local BM production of CD3+ T cells early after transplantation, using both clonal mapping and intravascular versus tissue-resident T cell staining, suggesting a thymus-independent T cell developmental pathway operating during BM regeneration, perhaps before thymic recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,15]],"date-time":"2017-11-15T10:10:16Z","timestamp":1510740616000},"page":"217-232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Geographic clonal tracking in macaques provides insights into HSPC migration and differentiation"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"215","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5509-5754","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chuanfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego A.","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson J.","family":"Koelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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