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Human MAIT cells are abundant in adult blood, but there are very few in cord blood. We longitudinally studied V\u03b17.2+ CD161high T cell and related subset levels in infancy and after cord blood transplantation. We show that V\u03b17.2+ and V\u03b17.2\u2212 CD161high T cells are generated early during gestation and likely share a common prenatal developmental program. Among cord blood V\u03b17.2+ CD161high T cells, the minority recognizing MR1:5-OP-RU display a TRAV\/TRBV repertoire very similar to adult MAIT cells. Within a few weeks of life, only the MR1:5-OP-RU reactive V\u03b17.2+ CD161high T cells acquire a memory phenotype. Only these cells expand to form the adult MAIT pool, diluting out other V\u03b17.2+ CD161high and V\u03b17.2\u2212 CD161high populations, in a process requiring at least 6 years to reach adult levels. 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