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In mice, neuroligin-4 deletions caused autism-related behavioral impairments and subtle changes in synaptic transmission, and neuroligin-4 was found, at least in part, at glycinergic synapses. However, low expression levels precluded a comprehensive analysis of neuroligin-4 localization, and overexpression of neuroligin-4 puzzlingly impaired excitatory but not inhibitory synaptic function. As a result, the function of neuroligin-4 remains unclear, as does its relation to other neuroligins. To clarify these issues, we systematically examined the function of neuroligin-4, focusing on excitatory and inhibitory inputs to defined projection neurons of the mouse brainstem as central model synapses. We show that loss of neuroligin-4 causes a profound impairment of glycinergic but not glutamatergic synaptic transmission and a decrease in glycinergic synapse numbers. Thus, neuroligin-4 is essential for the organization and\/or maintenance of glycinergic synapses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20172162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,3]],"date-time":"2018-05-03T10:30:57Z","timestamp":1525343457000},"page":"1543-1553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Autism-associated neuroligin-4 mutation selectively impairs glycinergic synaptic transmission in mouse brainstem synapses"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"215","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2451-0593","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozgun","family":"Gokce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1492-0735","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"W. 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