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Key features of GM-CSF biology need to be defined better, such as the responding and producing cell types, its links with other mediators, its prosurvival versus activation\/differentiation functions, and when it is relevant in pathology. Significant preclinical data have emerged from GM-CSF deletion\/depletion approaches indicating that GM-CSF is a potential target in many inflammatory\/autoimmune conditions. Clinical trials targeting GM-CSF or its receptor have shown encouraging efficacy and safety profiles, particularly in rheumatoid arthritis. This review provides an update on the above topics and current issues\/questions surrounding GM-CSF biology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T18:45:14Z","timestamp":1571078714000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":300,"title":["GM-CSF in inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"217","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9493-9224","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John A.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 1"},{"name":"Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072616090660000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI87828","article-title":"Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces CCL17 production via IRF4 to mediate inflammation","volume":"126","author":"Achuthan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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