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Macrophages (MPs) of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are the main cellular agent controlling this process. Some evidence suggests that resident PNS-MPs along with MPs of hematogenous origin may be involved, but whether these two subsets exert distinct functions is unknown. Combining MP-designed fluorescent reporter mice and coherent anti\u2013Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging of the sciatic nerve, we deciphered the spatiotemporal choreography of resident and recently recruited MPs after injury and unveiled distinct functions of these subsets, with recruited MPs being responsible for efficient myelin stripping and clearance and resident MPs being involved in axonal regrowth. This work provides clues to tackle selectively cellular processes involved in neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T13:20:00Z","timestamp":1594387200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Imaging resident and recruited macrophage contribution to Wallerian degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"217","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7770-7210","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Boissonnas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d\u2019Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Cimi-Paris, Paris, France 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5296-6371","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Floriane","family":"Louboutin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d\u2019Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Cimi-Paris, Paris, France 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Laviron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d\u2019Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Cimi-Paris, Paris, France 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2315-9711","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pierre-Louis","family":"Loyher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9264-1133","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elodie","family":"Reboussin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Therapeutique, Institut de la Vision, INSERM UMR S 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris, France 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Barthelemy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d\u2019Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Cimi-Paris, Paris, France 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annabelle","family":"R\u00e9aux-Le Goazigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Therapeutique, Institut de la Vision, INSERM UMR S 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris, France 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian S.","family":"Lobsiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle \u00e9pini\u00e8re, ICM, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris, France 4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9hazine","family":"Combadi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d\u2019Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Cimi-Paris, Paris, France 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2029-9591","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"M\u00e9lik Parsadaniantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Therapeutique, Institut de la Vision, INSERM UMR S 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris, France 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1755-4531","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christophe","family":"Combadi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d\u2019Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Cimi-Paris, Paris, France 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072805093549000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1995.1095","article-title":"Differential macrophage responses in the peripheral and central nervous system during wallerian degeneration of axons","volume":"136","author":"Avellino","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp. 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