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Here we show that BM-resident group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) support the recovery of HSPCs from 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)\u2013induced stress by secreting granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Mechanistically, IL-33 released from chemo-sensitive B cell progenitors activates MyD88-mediated secretion of GM-CSF in ILC2, suggesting the existence of a B cell\u2013ILC2 axis for maintaining hematopoietic homeostasis. GM-CSF knockout mice treated with 5-FU showed severe loss of myeloid lineage cells, causing lethality, which was rescued by transferring BM ILC2s from wild-type mice. Further, the adoptive transfer of ILC2s to 5-FU\u2013treated mice accelerates hematopoietic recovery, while the reduction of ILC2s results in the opposite effect. Thus, ILC2s may function by \u201csensing\u201d the damaged BM spaces and subsequently support hematopoietic recovery under stress conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T02:21:40Z","timestamp":1612318900000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Group 2 innate lymphoid cells support hematopoietic recovery under stress conditions"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"218","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0431-136X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takao","family":"Sudo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 1"},{"name":"World Premier International Research Center Initiative Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 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