{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:46:13Z","timestamp":1790847973904,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.rupress.org\/terms\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":182,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR071703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR071703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR070591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR070591"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI100853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI100853"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR069515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR069515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM136573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM136573"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI137336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI137336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI099394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI099394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI105129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI105129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI121244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI121244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA016087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA016087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OD019974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OD019974"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272200700055C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272200700055C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012051","name":"Lupus Research Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Colton Center for Autoimmunity"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008732","name":"Uehara Memorial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000897","name":"Cystic Fibrosis Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracellular DNase DNASE1L3 maintains tolerance to self-DNA in humans and mice, whereas the role of its homolog DNASE1 remains controversial, and the overall function of secreted DNases in immunity is unclear. We report that deletion of murine DNASE1 neither caused autoreactivity in isolation nor exacerbated lupus-like disease in DNASE1L3-deficient mice. However, combined deficiency of DNASE1 and DNASE1L3 rendered mice susceptible to bloodstream infection with Staphylococcus aureus. DNASE1\/DNASE1L3 double-deficient mice mounted a normal innate response to S. aureus and did not accumulate neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, their kidneys manifested severe pathology, increased bacterial burden, and biofilm-like bacterial lesions that contained bacterial DNA and excluded neutrophils. Furthermore, systemic administration of recombinant DNASE1 protein during S. aureus infection rescued the mortality of DNase-deficient mice and ameliorated the disease in wild-type mice. Thus, DNASE1 and DNASE1L3 jointly facilitate the control of bacterial infection by digesting extracellular microbial DNA in biofilms, suggesting the original evolutionary function of secreted DNases as antimicrobial agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20221086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T02:21:05Z","timestamp":1677723665000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Secreted mammalian DNases protect against systemic bacterial infection by digesting biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"220","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9242-0170","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keenan A.","family":"Lacey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/005dvqh91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine 1 , New York, NY,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1278-2893","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lee","family":"Serpas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine 2 , New York, NY,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9752-4385","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sohei","family":"Makita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine 2 , New York, NY,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8456-1440","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yueyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine 2 , New York, NY,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9357-8594","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ali","family":"Rashidfarrokhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine 2 , New York, NY,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7800-2338","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chetna","family":"Soni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine 2 , New York, NY,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0884-4200","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandra","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/005dvqh91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine 1 , New York, NY,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1857-3774","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andre","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine 2 , New York, NY,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7126-0489","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Victor J.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/005dvqh91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine 1 , New York, NY,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine 3 , New York, NY,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1140-7853","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boris","family":"Reizis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine 2 , New York, NY,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.975","article-title":"Loss-of-function variant in DNASE1L3 causes a familial form of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"43","author":"Al-Mayouf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-052814-023338","article-title":"Importance of nucleic acid recognition in inflammation and autoimmunity","volume":"67","author":"Barrat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L200","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00346.2005","article-title":"ICAM-1 and LFA-1 play critical roles in LPS-induced neutrophil recruitment into the alveolar space","volume":"291","author":"Basit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(19)30142-0","article-title":"Contribution of rare and predicted pathogenic gene variants to childhood-onset lupus: A large, genetic panel analysis of British and French cohorts","volume":"2","author":"Belot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7416","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721949115","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus biofilms release leukocidins to elicit extracellular trap formation and evade neutrophil-mediated killing","volume":"115","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010146","article-title":"Identification of genes involved in polysaccharide-independent Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation","volume":"5","author":"Boles","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00392-06","article-title":"Identification of Staphylococcus aureus proteins recognized by the antibody-mediated immune response to a biofilm infection","volume":"74","author":"Brady","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E243","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020243","article-title":"Spontaneous autoimmunity in 129 and C57BL\/6 mice-implications for autoimmunity described in gene-targeted mice","volume":"2","author":"Bygrave","year":"2004","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-468-1_10","article-title":"Investigation of biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"391","author":"Cassat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5853","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6853","article-title":"DNase II-dependent DNA digestion is required for DNA sensing by TLR9","volume":"6","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.01.007","article-title":"A play in four acts: Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-135467","article-title":"Genetic requirements for Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation and persistence in host tissues","volume":"23","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016861","article-title":"Extracellular DNA is essential for maintaining Bordetella biofilm integrity on abiotic surfaces and in the upper respiratory tract of mice","volume":"6","author":"Conover","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3850","article-title":"Aicardi-Gouti\u00e8res syndrome and the type I interferonopathies","volume":"15","author":"Crow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052331","article-title":"Intracellular nucleic acid detection in autoimmunity","volume":"35","author":"Crowl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00038","article-title":"Genetic regulation of the intercellular adhesion locus in staphylococci","volume":"2","author":"Cue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4708425","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4708425","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms and their influence on bacterial adhesion and cohesion","volume":"2016","author":"Dakheel","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1191\/096120399678847380","article-title":"Recombinant human Dnase I (rhDNase) in patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"8","author":"Davis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.67301","article-title":"Human monoclonal antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus surface antigens recognize in vitro and in vivo biofilm","volume":"11","author":"de Vor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.147.1.259-261.1981","article-title":"Absence in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus of the sequence-specific deoxyribonucleic acid methylation that is conferred in Escherichia coli K-12 by the dam and dcm enzymes","volume":"147","author":"Dreiseikelmann","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.07886.x","article-title":"DNase1L2 suppresses biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"156","author":"Eckhart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.13","article-title":"Essential role of the keratinocyte-specific endonuclease DNase1L2 in the removal of nuclear DNA from hair and nails","volume":"131","author":"Fischer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94","article-title":"Biofilms: An emergent form of bacterial life","volume":"14","author":"Flemming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301360","article-title":"T cell-derived IL-17 mediates epithelial changes in the airway and drives pulmonary neutrophilia","volume":"191","author":"Fogli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12093","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69084-x","article-title":"Impact of solid surface hydrophobicity and micrococcal nuclease production on Staphylococcus aureus Newman biofilms","volume":"10","author":"Forson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3161","article-title":"Adhesion, invasion and evasion: The many functions of the surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"12","author":"Foster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00859-19","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus fibronectin binding protein A mediates biofilm development and infection","volume":"88","author":"Gries","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9813","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909927107","article-title":"Impairment of neutrophil extracellular trap degradation is associated with lupus nephritis","volume":"107","author":"Hakkim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201138","article-title":"Autoantibody-mediated impairment of DNASE1L3 activity in sporadic systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"218","author":"Hartl","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0756-3","article-title":"Lactate production by Staphylococcus aureus biofilm inhibits HDAC11 to reprogramme the host immune response during persistent infection","volume":"5","author":"Heim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00364-10","article-title":"Essential role for the major autolysin in the fibronectin-binding protein-mediated Staphylococcus aureus biofilm phenotype","volume":"79","author":"Houston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam8897","article-title":"Host DNases prevent vascular occlusion by neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"358","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Alc\u00e1zar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2011.113","article-title":"Recombinant human DNase I decreases biofilm and increases antimicrobial susceptibility in staphylococci","volume":"65","author":"Kaplan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201847875","article-title":"Dnase1-deficient mice spontaneously develop a systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease","volume":"49","author":"Kenny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2017.06.028","article-title":"Dnases in health and disease","volume":"429","author":"Keyel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026714","article-title":"Nuclease modulates biofilm formation in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"6","author":"Kiedrowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2014.04.007","article-title":"Mouse models for infectious diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"410","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaw0336","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps drive inflammatory pathogenesis in malaria","volume":"4","author":"Knackstedt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308198","article-title":"Monocyte conversion during inflammation and injury","volume":"37","author":"Kratofil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080462","article-title":"TLR7-dependent and FcgammaR-independent production of type I interferon in experimental mouse lupus","volume":"205","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.98178","article-title":"Maladaptive role of neutrophil extracellular traps in pathogen-induced lung injury","volume":"3","author":"Lefran\u00e7ais","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00178","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus biofilms: Recent developments in biofilm dispersal","volume":"4","author":"Lister","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005822","article-title":"Modulation of eDNA release and degradation affects Staphylococcus aureus biofilm maturation","volume":"4","author":"Mann","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005585","article-title":"Chemical genetic analysis and functional characterization of staphylococcal wall teichoic acid 2-epimerases reveals unconventional antibiotic drug targets","volume":"12","author":"Mann","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03755-5","article-title":"Structural features of Dnase1L3 responsible for serum antigen clearance","volume":"5","author":"McCord","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R137","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11442","article-title":"Depletion of neutrophil extracellular traps in vivo results in hypersusceptibility to polymicrobial sepsis in mice","volume":"16","author":"Meng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.5301\/ijao.5000051","article-title":"Extracellular DNA in biofilms","volume":"34","author":"Montanaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14133-w","article-title":"Origin and significance of the human DNase repertoire","volume":"12","author":"Mori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.10.023","article-title":"Systemic lupus-erythematosus: Deoxyribonuclease 1 in necrotic chromatin disposal","volume":"38","author":"Napirei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/76032","article-title":"Features of systemic lupus erythematosus in Dnase1-deficient mice","volume":"25","author":"Napirei","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2008.06849.x","article-title":"Murine serum nucleases--contrasting effects of plasmin and heparin on the activities of DNase1 and DNase1-like 3 (DNase1l3)","volume":"276","author":"Napirei","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20042124","article-title":"Comparative characterization of rat deoxyribonuclease 1 (Dnase1) and murine deoxyribonuclease 1-like 3 (Dnase1l3)","volume":"389","author":"Napirei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38010","article-title":"DNASE1L3 mutations in hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Oz\u00e7akar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0022-2015","article-title":"The staphylococcal biofilm: Adhesins, regulation, and host response","volume":"4","author":"Paharik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8113","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610226104","article-title":"The cidA murein hydrolase regulator contributes to DNA release and biofilm development in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"104","author":"Rice","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2008.02.009","article-title":"Neutrophil depletion causes a fatal defect in murine pulmonary Staphylococcus aureus clearance","volume":"150","author":"Robertson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2015.03.004","article-title":"DNA methylation in bacteria: From the methyl group to the methylome","volume":"25","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Romero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00767-0","article-title":"The biofilm life cycle: Expanding the conceptual model of biofilm formation","volume":"20","author":"Sauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2006.05.007","article-title":"DNase II deficiency impairs innate immune function in Drosophila","volume":"240","author":"Seong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.05.011","article-title":"Acquired loss of renal nuclease activity is restricted to DNaseI and is an organ-selective feature in murine lupus nephritis","volume":"179","author":"Seredkina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1815031116","article-title":"Dnase1l3 deletion causes aberrations in length and end-motif frequencies in plasma DNA","volume":"116","author":"Serpas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/foods7030042","article-title":"Antibiofilm effect of DNase against single and mixed species biofilm","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01280-12","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4\/stem cell antigen 1 signaling promotes hematopoietic precursor cell commitment to granulocyte development during the granulopoietic response to Escherichia coli bacteremia","volume":"81","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17132","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M610428200","article-title":"DNase X is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane enzyme that provides a barrier to endocytosis-mediated transfer of a foreign gene","volume":"282","author":"Shiokawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.034","article-title":"Digestion of chromatin in apoptotic cell microparticles prevents autoimmunity","volume":"166","author":"Sisirak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.015","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and type I interferon promote extrafollicular B cell responses to extracellular self-DNA","volume":"52","author":"Soni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190541","article-title":"Targeting leukocidin-mediated immune evasion protects mice from Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia","volume":"217","author":"Tam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00471-08","article-title":"Effect of DNase and antibiotics on biofilm characteristics","volume":"53","author":"Tetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242255","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus degrades neutrophil extracellular traps to promote immune cell death","volume":"342","author":"Thammavongsa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012615-044351","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections","volume":"11","author":"Thomer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.98216","article-title":"Targeting fundamental pathways to disrupt Staphylococcus aureus survival: Clinical implications of recent discoveries","volume":"3","author":"Thomsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00937.x","article-title":"Virulence strategies of the dominant USA300 lineage of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA)","volume":"65","author":"Thurlow","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2872","article-title":"The enemy within: Endogenous retroelements and autoimmune disease","volume":"15","author":"Volkman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e328358d51f","article-title":"Dornase alfa (Pulmozyme)","volume":"18","author":"Wagener","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3693","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.6.3693-3701.2005","article-title":"Enhanced Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development mediated by human neutrophils","volume":"73","author":"Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01551","article-title":"Epistatic interactions between mutations of deoxyribonuclease 1-like 3 and the inhibitory Fc gamma receptor IIB result in very early and massive autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA","volume":"9","author":"Weisenburger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70295-4","article-title":"The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"5","author":"Wertheim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1006\/mthe.2002.0625","article-title":"Deoxyribonuclease I-like III is an inducible macrophage barrier to liposomal transfection","volume":"6","author":"Wilber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.1.380-387.2005","article-title":"Real-time in vivo bioluminescent imaging for evaluating the efficacy of antibiotics in a rat Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis model","volume":"49","author":"Xiong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001127","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001127","article-title":"Dornase alfa for cystic fibrosis","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/91070","article-title":"Mutation of DNASE1 in people with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"28","author":"Yasutomo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005671","article-title":"Untangling the diverse and redundant mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation","volume":"12","author":"Zapotoczna","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4492","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11547","article-title":"Association of the DNASE1L3 rs35677470 polymorphism with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis: Structural biological insights","volume":"22","author":"Zervou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"2026041423491732900_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012096","article-title":"Renal Dnase1 enzyme activity and protein expression is selectively shut down in murine and human membranoproliferative lupus nephritis","volume":"5","author":"Zykova","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1084\/jem.20221086\/1449303\/jem_20221086.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1084\/jem.20221086\/1449303\/jem_20221086.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T03:49:27Z","timestamp":1776224967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article\/220\/6\/e20221086\/213946\/Secreted-mammalian-DNases-protect-against-systemic"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20221086","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.742574556.793598220","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-1007","1540-9538"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1007","type":"print"},{"value":"1540-9538","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"article-number":"e20221086"}}