{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:11:44Z","timestamp":1785417104283,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>20 yr ago, a tribute appeared in this journal on the 70th anniversary of an animal model of disseminated encephalomyelitis, abbreviated EAE for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. \u201cObservations on Attempts to Produce Disseminated Encephalomyelitis in Monkeys\u201d appeared in the Journal of Experimental Medicine on February 21, 1933. Rivers and colleagues were trying to understand what caused neurological reactions to viral infections like smallpox, vaccinia, and measles, and what triggered rare instances of encephalomyelitis to smallpox vaccines. The animal model known as EAE continues to display its remarkable utility. Recent research, since the 70th-anniversary tribute, helps explain how Epstein\u2013Barr virus triggers multiple sclerosis via molecular mimicry to a protein known as GlialCAM. Proteins with multiple domains similar to GlialCAM, tenascin, neuregulin, contactin, and protease kinase C inhibitors are present in the poxvirus family. These observations take us a full circle back to Rivers\u2019 first paper on EAE, 90 yr ago.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20221322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T02:21:00Z","timestamp":1672885260000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Experimental encephalomyelitis at age 90, still relevant and elucidating how viruses trigger disease"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"220","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2437-2250","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lawrence","family":"Steinman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f54p054","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Pediatrics, Stanford University 1 , Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5821-1749","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roberto","family":"Patarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02p3be630","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Access Health International 2 , Ridgefield, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1567-3702","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William","family":"Haseltine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02p3be630","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Access Health International 2 , Ridgefield, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11111773","article-title":"The extracellular matrix proteins tenascin-C and tenascin-R retard oligodendrocyte precursor maturation and myelin regeneration in a cuprizone-induced long-term demyelination animal model","volume":"11","author":"Bauch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830110307","article-title":"The rapid isolation of clonable antigen-specific T lymphocyte lines capable of mediating autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"11","author":"Ben-Nun","year":"1981","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.09.016","article-title":"Complete genomic characterisation of two novel poxviruses (WKPV and EKPV) from western and eastern grey kangaroos","volume":"242","author":"Bennett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10554","article-title":"Commensal microbiota and myelin autoantigen cooperate to trigger autoimmune demyelination","volume":"479","author":"Berer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1038\/80516","article-title":"Encephalitogenic potential of the myelin basic protein peptide (amino acids 83-99) in multiple sclerosis: Results of a phase II clinical trial with an altered peptide ligand","volume":"6","author":"Bielekova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8222","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"375","author":"Bjornevik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000063319.64515.6b","article-title":"Smallpox and smallpox vaccination: Neurological implications","volume":"60","author":"Booss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/379343a0","article-title":"Treatment of experimental encephalomyelitis with a peptide analogue of myelin basic protein","volume":"379","author":"Brocke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(00)80324-4","article-title":"Neuregulins and their receptors: A versatile signaling module in organogenesis and oncogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Burden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib10","first-page":"213","article-title":"A mechanistically novel, first oral therapy for multiple sclerosis: The development of fingolimod (FTY720, gilenya)","volume":"12","author":"Chun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12765","article-title":"MiR-142-3p regulates synaptopathy-driven disease progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"48","author":"De Vito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002418","article-title":"Neurofascin-155 IgG4 in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy","volume":"86","author":"Devaux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2021.08.003","article-title":"The disease ecology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, management, prevention, and control of increasing human infections with animal orthopoxviruses","volume":"32","author":"Diaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ. Med."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.139.6.1495","article-title":"The axonal membrane protein Caspr, a homologue of neurexin IV, is a component of the septate-like paranodal junctions that assemble during myelination","volume":"139","author":"Einheber","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.enz.2021.06.005","article-title":"Structure and function of the poxvirus transcription machinery","volume":"50","author":"Fischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Enzymes"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.51.6.889","article-title":"Accumulation of antibodies in the central nervous system","volume":"51","author":"Freund","year":"1930","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.045658","article-title":"Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats by FTY720 treatment","volume":"305","author":"Fujino","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21370","article-title":"Phase 2 trial of a DNA vaccine encoding myelin basic protein for multiple sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Garren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117578","article-title":"Reversal of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with a hydroxamate inhibitor of matrix metalloproteases","volume":"94","author":"Gijbels","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90074-z","article-title":"Transgenic mice that express a myelin basic protein-specific T cell receptor develop spontaneous autoimmunity","volume":"72","author":"Goverman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwv052","article-title":"The multiple roles of epidermal growth factor repeat O-glycans in animal development","volume":"25","author":"Haltom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06559","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of active multiple sclerosis lesions reveals therapeutic targets","volume":"451","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib23","volume-title":"Collected Papers of Paul Ehrlich","author":"Himmelweit","year":"1960"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00346","article-title":"Semaphorins in angiogenesis and autoimmune diseases: Therapeutic targets?","volume":"11","author":"Iragavarapu-Charyulu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02112-12","article-title":"The tanapoxvirus 15L protein is a virus-encoded neuregulin that promotes viral replication in human endothelial cells","volume":"87","author":"Jeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-194807000-00006","article-title":"Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis","volume":"7","author":"Jervis","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.85.1.117","article-title":"The rapid production of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in Rhesus monkeys by injection of heterologous and homologous brain tissue with adjuvants","volume":"85","author":"Kabat","year":"1947","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1038\/80525","article-title":"Induction of a non-encephalitogenic type 2 T helper-cell autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis after administration of an altered peptide ligand in a placebo-controlled, randomized phase II trial","volume":"6","author":"Kappos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.6.2227","article-title":"Reversal of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a soluble peptide variant of a myelin basic protein epitope: T cell receptor antagonism and reduction of interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha production","volume":"180","author":"Karin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa385","article-title":"Neuregulin-1 beta 1 is implicated in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"144","author":"Kataria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Die aetiologie der Tuberculose","volume":"2","author":"Koch","year":"1884","journal-title":"Mittheilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay3638","article-title":"A noninflammatory mRNA vaccine for treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"371","author":"Krienke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04432-7","article-title":"Clonally expanded B cells in multiple sclerosis bind EBV EBNA1 and GlialCAM","volume":"603","author":"Lanz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.78.6.2770-2779.2004","article-title":"Induction of potent humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by attenuated vaccinia virus vectors with deleted serpin genes","volume":"78","author":"Legrand","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/358155a0","article-title":"Spreading of T-cell autoimmunity to cryptic determinants of an autoantigen","volume":"358","author":"Lehmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1126\/science.161.3846.1155","article-title":"Allergic encephalomyelitis: Passive transfer prevented by encephalitogen","volume":"161","author":"Levine","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03327","article-title":"An update on the known host range of the Brazilian vaccinia virus: An outbreak in buffalo calves","volume":"9","author":"Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0851-16.2016","article-title":"miR-142-3p is a key regulator of IL-1\u03b2-dependent synaptopathy in neuroinflammation","volume":"37","author":"Mandolesi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI124694","article-title":"Anti-Neurofascin-155 IgG4 antibodies prevent paranodal complex formation in vivo","volume":"129","author":"Manso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh379","article-title":"Abnormal T cell activation caused by the imbalance of the IL-1\/IL-1R antagonist system is responsible for the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"18","author":"Matsuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2392","article-title":"Neuregulin 1 in neural development, synaptic plasticity and schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Mei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.20133343","article-title":"Contactin 4, -5 and -6 differentially regulate neuritogenesis while they display identical PTPRG binding sites","volume":"2","author":"Mercati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Open."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.036","article-title":"The complete genome sequence of the Alphaentomopoxvirus Anomala cuprea entomopoxvirus, including its terminal hairpin loop sequences, suggests a potentially unique mode of apoptosis inhibition and mode of DNA replication","volume":"452-453","author":"Mitsuhashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.85.1.131","article-title":"Allergic encephalomyelitis in monkeys in response to injection of normal monkey nervous tissue","volume":"85","author":"Morgan","year":"1947","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3390\/v9110331","article-title":"Poxvirus host range genes and virus-host spectrum: A critical review","volume":"9","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903302","article-title":"Roles of Sema4D-plexin-B1 interactions in the central nervous system for pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"184","author":"Okuno","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7138e1","article-title":"Two cases of monkeypox-associated encephalomyelitis - Colorado and the District of Columbia, july-august 2022","volume":"71","author":"Pastula","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/85266","article-title":"An unexpected version of horror autotoxicus: Anaphylactic shock to a self-peptide","volume":"2","author":"Pedotti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/s1471-4906(03)00233-3","article-title":"Involvement of both \u2018allergic\u2019 and \u2018autoimmune\u2019 mechanisms in EAE, MS and other autoimmune diseases","volume":"24","author":"Pedotti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020281","article-title":"Viral proteins with PxxP and PY motifs may play a role in multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Pi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12046","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700531104","article-title":"Poxviruses as possible vectors for horizontal transfer of retroposons from reptiles to mammals","volume":"104","author":"Piskurek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10377","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.18.10377","article-title":"Granzyme B is inhibited by the cowpox virus serpin cytokine response modifier A","volume":"270","author":"Quan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2017.02.013","article-title":"Decreased expression of Sema3A, an immune modulator, in blood sample of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"610","author":"Rezaeepoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.58.1.39","article-title":"Observations on attempts to produce acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in monkeys","volume":"58","author":"Rivers","year":"1933","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.33.1.1-12.1937","article-title":"Viruses and Koch\u2019s postulates","volume":"33","author":"Rivers","year":"1937","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm7930","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis","volume":"375","author":"Robinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt859","article-title":"Protein microarrays guide tolerizing DNA vaccine treatment of autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"21","author":"Robinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.8.1275","article-title":"Microbial epitopes act as altered peptide ligands to prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"189","author":"Ruiz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0903-1017","article-title":"Arraying autoimmunity treatment","volume":"21","author":"Sercarz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003756","article-title":"An increasing danger of zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections","volume":"9","author":"Shchelkunov","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes4010003","article-title":"A review of functional motifs utilized by viruses","volume":"4","author":"Sobhy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proteomes"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib64","first-page":"415","article-title":"(Influence of cyclophosphamide on the production of experimentale autoimmune encephalomyelitis (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"129","author":"Staykova","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Immunol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0993-106","article-title":"Autoimmune disease","volume":"269","author":"Steinman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.7.1021","article-title":"Absence of \u201coriginal antigenic sin\u201d in autoimmunity provides an unforeseen platform for immune therapy","volume":"189","author":"Steinman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030320","article-title":"Optic neuritis, a new variant of experimental encephalomyelitis, a durable model for all seasons, now in its seventieth year","volume":"197","author":"Steinman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8083","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903377106","article-title":"The gray aspects of white matter disease in multiple sclerosis","volume":"106","author":"Steinman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201207175","article-title":"The discovery of natalizumab, a potent therapeutic for multiple sclerosis","volume":"199","author":"Steinman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1980.00500510052009","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in multiple sclerosis","volume":"37","author":"Sumaya","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830010406","article-title":"Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by a synthetic polypeptide","volume":"1","author":"Teitelbaum","year":"1971","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/pl00000576","article-title":"Copolymer 1: From basic research to clinical application","volume":"53","author":"Teitelbaum","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.3390\/v7041960","article-title":"Gene acquisition convergence between entomopoxviruses and baculoviruses","volume":"7","author":"Th\u00e9z\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11218","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201913809","article-title":"EGF-Like and other disulfide-rich microdomains as therapeutic scaffolds","volume":"59","author":"Tombling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.7.1033","article-title":"Spontaneous regression of primary autoreactivity during chronic progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis","volume":"189","author":"Tuohy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1159\/000048721","article-title":"Neuregulin: An oligodendrocyte growth factor absent in active multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"23","author":"Viehover","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211010097","article-title":"Serum contactin-1 as a biomarker of long-term disease progression in natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"van Lierop","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000134299.89599.53","article-title":"EGF-Like domain of tenascin-C is proapoptotic for cultured smooth muscle cells","volume":"24","author":"Wallner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/356063a0","article-title":"Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by antibodies against alpha 4 beta 1 integrin","volume":"356","author":"Yednock","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3456","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.03094","article-title":"Competition and cooperation between tenascin-R, lecticans and contactin 1 regulate neurite growth and morphology","volume":"119","author":"Zacharias","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/317355a0","article-title":"T-cell clones specific for myelin basic protein induce chronic relapsing paralysis and demyelination","volume":"317","author":"Zamvil","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023011814531016300_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-016-1402-2","article-title":"Tanapoxvirus lacking a neuregulin-like gene regresses human melanoma tumors in nude mice","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus Genes"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1084\/jem.20221322\/1446617\/jem_20221322.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1084\/jem.20221322\/1446617\/jem_20221322.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T09:53:46Z","timestamp":1674035626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article\/220\/2\/e20221322\/213807\/Experimental-encephalomyelitis-at-age-90-still"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20221322","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1007","1540-9538"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1007","type":"print"},{"value":"1540-9538","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"article-number":"e20221322"}}