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Here, we reveal a unique ILC2 subset in the mouse intestine that constitutively expresses IL-4 together with GATA3, ST2, KLRG1, IL-17RB, and IL-5. In this subset, IL-4 expression is regulated by mechanisms similar to but distinct from those observed in T cells and is partly affected by IL-25 signaling. Although the absence of the microbiota had marginal effects, feeding mice with a vitamin B1-deficient diet compromised the number of intestinal IL-4+ ILC2s. The decrease in the number of IL-4+ ILC2s caused by the vitamin B1 deficiency was accompanied by a reduction in IL-25\u2013producing tuft cells. Our findings reveal that dietary vitamin B1 plays a critical role in maintaining interaction between tuft cells and IL-4+ ILC2s, a previously uncharacterized immune cell population that may contribute to maintaining intestinal homeostasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20221773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T02:20:58Z","timestamp":1682562058000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Diet-mediated constitutive induction of novel IL-4+ ILC2 cells maintains intestinal homeostasis in mice"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"220","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5969-6263","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wanlin","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kn6nx58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Medicine, Keio University 1 Department of Microbiology and 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