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Pathways for this include an unresponsive state known as anergy, clonal deletion, and T regulatory (Treg) cell induction. The transcription factor cues and kinetics that guide distinct peripheral tolerance outcomes remain unclear. Here, we found that anergic T cells are epigenetically primed for regulation by the non-classical AP-1 family member BATF. Tolerized BATF-deficient CD4+ T cells were resistant to anergy induction and instead underwent clonal deletion due to proapoptotic BIM (Bcl2l11) upregulation. During prolonged antigen exposure, BIM derepression resulted in fewer PD-1+ conventional T cells as well as loss of peripherally induced FOXP3+ Treg cells. Simultaneous Batf and Bcl2l11 knockdown meanwhile restored anergic T cell survival and Treg cell maintenance. The data identify the AP-1 nuclear factor BATF as a dominant driver of sustained T cell anergy and illustrate a mechanism for divergent peripheral tolerance fates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20230183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T02:21:06Z","timestamp":1696558866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["BATF represses BIM to sustain tolerant T cells in the periphery"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"220","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9819-1762","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philip J.","family":"Titcombe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School 1 Department of Medicine, , Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0794-2362","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Milagros","family":"Silva Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School 1 Department of Medicine, , Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0146-329X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Na","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School 1 Department of Medicine, , Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1621-0419","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School 1 Department of Medicine, , Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023102014041553300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45839-z","article-title":"The ENCODE blacklist: Identification of problematic regions of the genome","volume":"9","author":"Amemiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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