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Our research shows that the alterations in gut microbiota caused by an HSD facilitated the development of glioma. Mice fed an HSD have elevated levels of intestinal propionate, which accelerated the growth of glioma cells. We also find that propionate supplementation enhanced the response of glioma cells to low oxygen levels. Moreover, we identify a link between TGF-\u03b2 signaling, response to low oxygen levels, and invasion-related pathways. Propionate treatment increases the expression of HIF-1\u03b1, leading to an increase in TGF-\u03b21 production. Additionally, propionate treatment promotes glioma cell invasion through TGF-\u03b2 signaling. Our findings suggest that an HSD-induced increase in propionate plays a crucial role in glioma progression by facilitating invasion through the hypoxic response and TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathways, thereby establishing a significant connection between gut microbiota and the progression of glioma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20241135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T02:20:46Z","timestamp":1746498046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Gut dysbiosis from high-salt diet promotes glioma via propionate-mediated TGF-\u03b2 activation"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"222","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4875-4501","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chae Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05apxxy63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Korea Advanced Institute of 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