{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:04:56Z","timestamp":1785423896297,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/pages\/terms102024"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["318346496 \u2013 SFB1292\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["318346496 \u2013 SFB1292\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["490846870 \u2013 TRR355\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["490846870 \u2013 TRR355\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030-219287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030-219287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030-188450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030-188450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["882424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["882424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>NIK (Map3k14) is a central regulator of noncanonical NF-\u03baB signaling and immune homeostasis. Mutations in this kinase are linked to autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Both germline and T cell\u2013specific deletion of NIK had been demonstrated previously to be associated with resistance to developing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS. In this study, we show that NIK expression by circulating myeloid cells is crucial for EAE development. Mechanistically, we found starkly reduced priming of neuroantigen-specific T cells in the absence of NIK in CX3CR1+ cells. This reduction was associated with dysregulated expression of genes involved in antigen presentation and cell migration, as well as decreased IL-23 production. Notably, T cells primed by NIK-deficient myeloid cells regained their ability to induce EAE when incubated with IL-23 before being transferred into RagKO mice. Our data underline the crucial role of NIK in enabling myeloid cells to function effectively as antigen-presenting cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20242294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T07:21:42Z","timestamp":1770362502000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["NIK-driven IL-23 production by myeloid cells is a key factor in the development of autoimmune inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"223","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8738-5332","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nishada S.","family":"Ramphal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q1fsf04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 1 , Mainz,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0442-0112","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q1fsf04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 1 , Mainz,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8293-2875","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Palagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q1fsf04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 1 , Mainz,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6569-5665","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Jasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q1fsf04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 1 , Mainz,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9818-6867","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alma N.","family":"Mohebiany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q1fsf04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 1 , Mainz,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1312-1226","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthias","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q1fsf04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz 4 , Mainz,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3253-2322","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Frederike","family":"Westermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02crff812","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich 2 , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2348-1751","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sinduya","family":"Krishnarajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02crff812","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich 2 , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7275-3330","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tommy","family":"Regen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q1fsf04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 1 , Mainz,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3232-8065","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tobias","family":"Bopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany 3"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q1fsf04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz 4 , Mainz,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1541-7867","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Burkhard","family":"Becher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02crff812","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich 2 , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4304-8234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ari","family":"Waisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q1fsf04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 1 , Mainz,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01117-7","article-title":"IFN\u03b3 and GM-CSF control complementary differentiation programs in the monocyte-to-phagocyte transition during neuroinflammation","volume":"23","author":"Amorim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801530","article-title":"RelB deficiency in dendritic cells protects from autoimmune inflammation due to spontaneous accumulation of tissue T regulatory cells","volume":"203","author":"Andreas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142883","article-title":"Monitoring of blood vessels and tissues by a population of monocytes with patrolling behavior","volume":"317","author":"Auffray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI15751","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune encephalitis and inflammation in the absence of interleukin-12","volume":"110","author":"Becher","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2770","article-title":"Analysis of immune-related loci identifies 48 new susceptibility variants for multiple sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Beecham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1084\/JEM.20021603","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice develop spontaneous autoimmune optic neuritis","volume":"197","author":"Bettelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02672-0","article-title":"NF-\u03baB inducing kinase is a therapeutic target for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"9","author":"Brightbill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IMMUNI.2023.11.003","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota-specific Th17 cells possess regulatory properties and suppress effector T cells via c-MAF and IL-10","volume":"56","author":"Brockmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.09.035","article-title":"Transcriptional basis of mouse and human dendritic cell heterogeneity","volume":"179","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646406","article-title":"NR4A1-dependent Ly6Clow monocytes contribute to reducing joint inflammation in arthritic mice through Treg cells","volume":"46","author":"Brunet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062648","article-title":"Notch-RBP-J signaling controls the homeostasis of CD8- dendritic cells in the spleen","volume":"204","author":"Caton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1039\/d0md00361a","article-title":"Pharmacological inhibition of NF-\u03baB-inducing kinase (NIK) with small molecules for the treatment of human diseases","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Med. Chem."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501202","article-title":"Monocyte-derived dendritic cells promote Th polarization, whereas conventional dendritic cells promote Th proliferation","volume":"196","author":"Chow","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/549691","article-title":"PPAR \u03b3 and the innate immune system mediate the resolution of inflammation","volume":"2015","author":"Croasdell","year":"2015","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01355","article-title":"Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain","volume":"421","author":"Cua","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-01033-z","article-title":"Differential abundance testing on single-cell data using k-nearest neighbor graphs","volume":"40","author":"Dann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.11.014","article-title":"Inflammatory monocytes recruited to allergic skin acquire an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype via basophil-derived interleukin-4","volume":"38","author":"Egawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2031","article-title":"The encephalitogenicity of TH 17 cells is dependent on IL-1- and IL-23-induced production of the cytokine GM-CSF","volume":"12","author":"El-Behi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0661-1","article-title":"Cxcl10 + monocytes define a pathogenic subset in the central nervous system during autoimmune neuroinflammation","volume":"21","author":"Giladi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000109","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000109","article-title":"Neo-lymphoid aggregates in the adult liver can initiate potent cell-mediated immunity","volume":"7","author":"Greter","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201546081","article-title":"NF-\u03baB-inducing kinase is essential for B-cell maintenance in mice","volume":"46","author":"Hahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020096","article-title":"Map3k14 as a regulator of innate and adaptive immune response during acute viral infection","volume":"9","author":"Hamdan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01767-y","article-title":"Dictionary learning for integrative, multimodal and scalable single-cell analysis","volume":"42","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110128","article-title":"NIK signaling in dendritic cells but not in T cells is required for the development of effector T cells and cell-mediated immune responses","volume":"208","author":"Hofmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180210","article-title":"CRL4DCAF2 negatively regulates IL-23 production in dendritic cells and limits the development of psoriasis","volume":"215","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2016.23","article-title":"GWAS analysis implicates NF-\u03baB-mediated induction of inflammatory T cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Hussman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201142239","article-title":"Conditional DC depletion does not affect priming of encephalitogenic Th cells in EAE","volume":"42","author":"Isaksson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.28","article-title":"Monocyte differentiation and antigen-presenting functions","volume":"17","author":"Jakubzick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abh0609","article-title":"Microglia promote autoimmune inflammation via the noncanonical NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"7","author":"Jie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0206-z","article-title":"NIK signaling axis regulates dendritic cell function in intestinal immunity and homeostasis","volume":"19","author":"Jie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6603","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-12-192914","article-title":"Regulation of Th17 cell differentiation and EAE induction by MAP3K NIK","volume":"113","author":"Jin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4106","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.20.11.4106-4114.2000","article-title":"Analysis of fractalkine receptor CX 3 CR1 function by targeted deletion and green fluorescent protein reporter gene insertion","volume":"20","author":"Jung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/ELIFE.60223","article-title":"Analysis of the immune response to sciatic nerve injury identifies efferocytosis as a key mechanism of nerve debridement","volume":"9","author":"Kalinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14664","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1520627112","article-title":"Dendritic cells require NIK for CD40-dependent cross-priming of CD8+ T cells","volume":"112","author":"Katakam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200596","article-title":"NF-\u03baB-Inducing kinase governs the mitochondrial respiratory capacity, differentiation, and inflammatory status of innate immune cells","volume":"210","author":"Keeney","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.07.017","article-title":"NF-\u03baB inducing kinase (NIK) is an essential post-transcriptional regulator of T-cell activation affecting F-actin dynamics and TCR signaling","volume":"94","author":"Lacher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.11.042","article-title":"Integrated cross-species analysis identifies a conserved transitional dendritic cell population","volume":"29","author":"Leylek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26243","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M403286200","article-title":"Regulation of the NF-kappaB-inducing kinase by tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3-induced degradation","volume":"279","author":"Liao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-159679","article-title":"TRAF3 loss-of-function reveals the non-canonical NF-Kb pathway as a therapeutic target in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"140","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901672","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.901672","article-title":"Occurrences and functions of Ly6Chi and Ly6Clo macrophages in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/EJI.200636745","article-title":"Faithful activation of an extra-bright red fluorescent protein in \u201cknock-in\u201d Cre-reporter mice ideally suited for lineage tracing studies","volume":"37","author":"Luche","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102402","article-title":"Absence of Batf3 reveals a new dimension of cell state heterogeneity within conventional dendritic cells","volume":"24","author":"Lukowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250340","article-title":"Priming of myelin-specific T cells in the absence of dendritic cells results in accelerated development of experimental autoimmune","volume":"16","author":"Luu","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46148-4","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics identifies the differentiation trajectory from inflammatory monocytes to pro-resolving macrophages in a mouse skin allergy model","volume":"15","author":"Miyake","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830240224","article-title":"A new mutation, aly, that induces a generalized lack of lymph nodes accompanied by immunodeficiency in mice","volume":"24","author":"Miyawaki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11622.4","article-title":"CyTOF workflow: Differential discovery in high-throughput high-dimensional cytometry datasets","volume":"6","author":"Nowicka","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228470","article-title":"Targeting NF-\u03baB-inducing kinase (NIK) in immunity, inflammation, and cancer","volume":"21","author":"Pflug","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIIMMUNOL.AAZ6563;CTYPE:STRING","article-title":"IL-17 controls central nervous system autoimmunity through the intestinal microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Regen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701231","article-title":"Dendritic cell PD-L1 limits autoimmunity and follicular T cell differentiation and function","volume":"200","author":"Sage","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01624","article-title":"Exome sequencing identifies a novel MAP3K14 mutation in recessive atypical combined immunodeficiency","volume":"8","author":"Schlechter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6992","article-title":"ATF3 promotes migration and M1\/M2 polarization of macrophages by activating tenascin-C via Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"16","author":"Sha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2015.00077","article-title":"NF-kappaB signaling pathways in neurological inflammation: A mini review","volume":"8","author":"Shih","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01088.x","article-title":"The noncanonical NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"246","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.52","article-title":"The non-canonical NF-\u03baB pathway in immunity and inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2008.07.003","article-title":"New insights into NF-kappaB regulation and function","volume":"29","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2003.01617.x","article-title":"Targeting dendritic cells with CD44 monoclonal antibodies selectively inhibits the proliferation of naive CD4+ T-helper cells by induction of FAS-independent T-cell apoptosis","volume":"109","author":"Termeer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7768","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.12.7768","article-title":"IL-23 is increased in dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis and down-regulation of IL-23 by antisense oligos increases dendritic cell IL-10 production","volume":"176","author":"Vaknin-dembinsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0583-z","article-title":"Dendritic cells as gatekeepers of tolerance","volume":"39","author":"Waisman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.137.5.1137","article-title":"An essential role for CD44 variant isoforms in epidermal langerhans cell and blood dendritic cell function","volume":"137","author":"Weiss","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5360","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6360","article-title":"Biallelic loss-of-function mutation in NIK causes a primary immunodeficiency with multifaceted aberrant lymphoid immunity","volume":"5","author":"Willmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00026","article-title":"Microglia, seen from the CX3CR1 angle","volume":"7","author":"Wolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2021.100141","article-title":"clusterProfiler 4.0: A universal enrichment tool for interpreting omics data","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(01)00187-3","article-title":"NF-\u03baB-inducing kinase regulates the processing of NF-\u03baB2 p100","volume":"7","author":"Xiao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.05.025","article-title":"Dendritic cells ameliorate autoimmunity in the CNS by controlling the homeostasis of PD-1 receptor+ regulatory T cells","volume":"37","author":"Yogev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.12.001","article-title":"Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis","volume":"38","author":"Yona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026022709513360200_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5617","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.3c02266","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel NIK inhibitor with anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects for sepsis treatment","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1084\/jem.20242294\/2027553\/jem_20242294.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1084\/jem.20242294\/2027553\/jem_20242294.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T14:51:42Z","timestamp":1772203902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article\/223\/4\/e20242294\/281531\/NIK-driven-IL-23-production-by-myeloid-cells-is-a"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20242294","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1007","1540-9538"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1007","type":"print"},{"value":"1540-9538","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"article-number":"e20242294"}}