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However, whether individual cytokines activate specific neural circuits to produce distinct physiological responses remains unknown. To address this fundamental question, we mapped brain-wide responses to IL-1\u03b2 and found prominent engagement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Using targeted recombination in active populations, snRNA sequencing, and circuit tracing, we discovered that corticotropin-releasing hormone-expressing BNST neurons encode IL-1\u03b2 signals. Chemogenetic reactivation of these neurons precisely recapitulates the physiological signatures of IL-1\u03b2 exposure with increased circulating IL-6 and corticosterone and tachycardia. These responses require a defined BNST\u2192paraventricular nucleus\u2192rostral ventrolateral medulla\u2192\u03b2 receptor adrenergic signaling pathway. Critically, restraint stress also activates these BNST IL-1\u03b2\u2013encoding neurons to generate the same physiological responses. Our findings establish how a single inflammatory mediator uses a precise neural circuit to activate systemic responses and provide mechanistic insight into the neuroimmune interactions underlying stress-related psychiatric and inflammatory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20252000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T07:20:55Z","timestamp":1769066455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Central neurons encode interleukin-1\u03b2 signals and mediate stress-induced inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"223","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8790-5576","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Okito","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dnene97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, 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