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Here, we review the anti-infective potential of topically applied NO-releasing materials, systemically administered anti-infective drugs that generate NO-related moieties, and inhalation of NO gas. Evidence for the safety and efficacy of inhaled NO (iNO) at higher doses than typically used in cardiopulmonary medicine encouraged us to discuss prospects for iNO to help treat pulmonary infections, with a focus on tuberculosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20260043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:21:00Z","timestamp":1788416460000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exogenous nitric oxide as an anti-infective agent"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"223","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7744-8896","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carl F.","family":"Nathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02r109517","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine 1 Department of Microbiology & Immunology, , New York, NY,","place":["USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02r109517","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences 2 , New York, NY,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101412385520100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2024.03.001","article-title":"Applications of nitric oxide-releasing nanomaterials in dermatology: Skin infections and wound healing","volume":"146","author":"Abdel Azim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"2026101412385520100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3828","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39300-z","article-title":"DprE2 is a molecular target of the anti-tubercular nitroimidazole compounds pretomanid and delamanid","volume":"14","author":"Abrahams","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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