{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:36:21Z","timestamp":1761057381567},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Inactivation of sodium channels is thought to be mediated by an inactivation gate formed by the intracellular loop connecting domains III and IV. A hydrophobic motif containing the amino acid sequence isoleucine, phenylalanine, and methionine (IFM) is required for the inactivation process. Peptides containing the IFM motif, when applied to the cytoplasmic side of these channels, produce two types of block: fast block, which resembles the inactivation process, and slow, use-dependent block stimulated by strong depolarizing pulses. Fast block by the peptide ac-KIFMK-NH2, measured on sodium channels whose inactivation was slowed by the \u03b1-scorpion toxin from Leiurus quinquestriatus (LqTx), was reversed with a time constant of 0.9 ms upon repolarization. In contrast, control and LqTx-modified sodium channels were slower to recover from use-dependent block. For fast block, linear peptides of three to six amino acid residues containing the IFM motif and two positive charges were more effective than peptides with one positive charge, whereas uncharged IFM peptides were ineffective. Substitution of the IFM residues in the peptide ac-KIFMK-NH2 with smaller, less hydrophobic residues prevented fast block. The positively charged tripeptide IFM-NH2 did not cause appreciable fast block, but the divalent cation IFM-NH(CH2)2NH2 was as effective as the pentapeptide ac-KIFMK-NH2. The constrained peptide cyclic KIFMK containing two positive charges did not cause fast block. These results indicate that the position of the positive charges is unimportant, but flexibility or conformation of the IFM-containing peptide is important to allow fast block. Slow, use-dependent block was observed with IFM-containing peptides of three to six residues having one or two positive charges, but not with dipeptides or phenylalanine-amide. In contrast to its lack of fast block, cyclic KIFMK was an effective use-dependent blocker. Substitutions of amino acid residues in the tripeptide IFM-NH2 showed that large hydrophobic residues are preferred in all three positions for slow, use-dependent block. However, substitution of the large hydrophobic residue diphenylalanine or the constrained residues phenylglycine or tetrahydroisoquinoline for phe decreased potency, suggesting that this phe residue must be able to enter a restricted hydrophobic pocket during the binding of IFM peptides. Together, the results on fast block and slow, use-dependent block indicate that IFM peptides form two distinct complexes of different stability and structural specificity with receptor site(s) on the sodium channel. It is proposed that fast block represents binding of these peptides to the inactivation gate receptor, while slow, use-dependent block represents deeper binding of the IFM peptides in the pore.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.113.2.279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T16:50:20Z","timestamp":1027702220000},"page":"279-294","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1085\/jgp.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Block of Brain Sodium Channels by Peptide Mimetics of the Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, and Methionine (IFM) Motif from the Inactivation Gate"],"prefix":"10.1085","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Galen","family":"Eaholtz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Graduate Program in Neurobiology and \u2021Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280; and \u00a7Department of Chemistry and \u2016Department of Neuroscience Therapeutics, Parke-Davis Research Division, Warner-Lambert Co., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Colvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Graduate Program in Neurobiology and \u2021Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280; and \u00a7Department of Chemistry and \u2016Department of Neuroscience Therapeutics, Parke-Davis Research Division, Warner-Lambert Co., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Graduate Program in Neurobiology and \u2021Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280; and \u00a7Department of Chemistry and \u2016Department of Neuroscience Therapeutics, Parke-Davis Research Division, Warner-Lambert Co., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Graduate Program in Neurobiology and \u2021Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280; and \u00a7Department of Chemistry and \u2016Department of Neuroscience Therapeutics, Parke-Davis Research Division, Warner-Lambert Co., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Catterall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Graduate Program in Neurobiology and \u2021Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280; and \u00a7Department of Chemistry and \u2016Department of Neuroscience Therapeutics, Parke-Davis Research Division, Warner-Lambert Co., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105"},{"name":"From the *Graduate Program in Neurobiology and \u2021Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280; and \u00a7Department of Chemistry and \u2016Department of Neuroscience Therapeutics, Parke-Davis Research Division, Warner-Lambert Co., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072918202310400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.58.4.413","article-title":"Interaction of tetraethylammonium derivatives with the potassium channels of giant axons","volume":"58","author":"Armstrong","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"2023072918202310400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.1.323","article-title":"A neutral amino acid change in segment IIS4 dramatically alters the gating properties of the voltage-dependent sodium channel","volume":"87","author":"Auld","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2023072918202310400_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(88)90176-6","article-title":"A rat brain Na+channel alpha subunit with novel gating properties","volume":"1","author":"Auld","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2023072918202310400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.70.5.549","article-title":"Inactivation of the sodium channel. 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