{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:29:52Z","timestamp":1791174592945,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"University of Chicago Press","issue":"S1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The American Naturalist"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,7]]},"DOI":"10.1086\/286052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T17:14:48Z","timestamp":1027703688000},"page":"S100-S121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Impact of the Human Egalitarian Syndrome on Darwinian Selection Mechanics"],"prefix":"10.1086","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Boehm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"200","reference":[{"key":"p_1_232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.05.110174.001545"},{"key":"p_2_233","unstructured":"- 1987. The biology of moral systems. Aldine de Gruyter, New York."},{"key":"p_3_234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.09.110178.002313"},{"key":"p_4_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altman, J., and N. Peterson. 1988. Rights to game and rights to cash among contemporary Australian hunter-gatherers. Pages 75-94 in T. Ingold, D. Riches, and J. Woodburn, eds. Hunters and gatherers. Vol. 2. Property, power, and ideology. Berg, Oxford.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003571988-5"},{"key":"p_5_236","unstructured":"Balikci, A. 1970. The Netsilik Eskimo. Waveland, Prospect Heights, Ill."},{"key":"p_6_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett, J. W. 1976. Anticipation, adaptation, and the concept of culture in anthropology. Science (Washington, D.C.) 192:847-853.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.192.4242.847"},{"key":"p_7_238","first-page":"145","volume":"41","author":"Blurton-Jones N.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ethology and Sociobiology"},{"key":"p_8_239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.31.5.348"},{"key":"p_9_240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1978.80.2.02a00020"},{"key":"p_10_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"- 1981. Parasitic selection and group selection: a study of conflict interference in rhesus and Japanese macaque monkeys. Pages 160-182 in A. B. Chiarelli and R. S. Corruccini, eds. Primate behavior and sociobiology. Springer, Berlin.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-68254-4"},{"key":"p_11_242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1750(82)92069-3"},{"key":"p_12_243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1982.84.1.02a00080"},{"key":"p_13_244","first-page":"34","volume":"1","year":"1984","journal-title":"Politics and the Life Sciences"},{"key":"p_14_245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1989.91.4.02a00070"},{"key":"p_15_246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204166"},{"key":"p_16_247","unstructured":"- 1994a. Pacifying interventions at Arnhem Zoo and Gombe. Pages 211-226 in R. W. Wrangham, W. C. McGrew, F. B. M. de Waal, and P. G. Heltne, eds. Chimpanzee cultures. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass."},{"key":"p_17_248","first-page":"178","volume":"35","year":"1994","journal-title":"Current Anthropology"},{"key":"p_18_249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204561"},{"key":"p_19_250","unstructured":"- 1997. Egalitarian behavior and the evolution of political intelligence. In R. W. Byrne and A. Whiten, eds. Machiavellian intelligence. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (in press)."},{"key":"p_20_251","unstructured":"Boyd, R., and P. J. Richerson. 1985. Culture and evolutionary process. University of Chicago Press, Chicago."},{"key":"p_21_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(05)80113-4","volume":"145","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"p_22_253","unstructured":"- 1991. Culture and cooperation. Pages 27-48 in R. A. Hinde and J. Grobel, eds. Cooperation and prosocial behavior. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"p_23_254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(92)90032-Y"},{"key":"p_24_255","unstructured":"Briggs, J. L. 1970. Never in anger. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass."},{"key":"p_25_256","first-page":"283","volume":"13","author":"Campbell D. T.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Nebraska Symposium on Motivation Papers"},{"key":"p_26_257","first-page":"21","volume":"28","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"p_27_258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.30.12.1103"},{"key":"p_28_259","unstructured":"- 1983. The two distinct routes beyond kin selection to ultrasociality: implications for the humanities and social sciences. Pages 11-41 in D. Bridgeman, ed. The nature of prosocial development interdisciplinary theories and strategies. Academic Press, New York."},{"key":"p_29_260","unstructured":"- 1994. How individual and face-to-face-group selection undermine firm selection in organizational evolution. Pages 23-28 in J. A. C. Baum and J. V. Singh, eds. Evolutionary dynamics of organizations. Oxford University Press, New York."},{"key":"p_30_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00036165","volume":"17","author":"Campbell D. T.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behavior and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"p_31_262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1980.82.1.02a00100"},{"key":"p_32_263","unstructured":"- 1990. Risk and uncertainty in tribal and peasant economies. Westview, Boulder, Colo."},{"key":"p_33_264","unstructured":"Draper, P. 1975. !Kung women: contrasts in sexual egalitarianism in foraging and sedentary contexts. Pages 77-109 in R. Reiter, ed. Toward an anthropology of women. Monthly Review Press, New York."},{"key":"p_34_265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(92)90003-M"},{"key":"p_35_266","unstructured":"Dunbar, R. 1996. Grooming, gossip and the evolution of language. Faber & Faber, London."},{"key":"p_36_267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/409471"},{"key":"p_37_268","unstructured":"- 1991. Coevolution: genes, culture, and human diversity. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif."},{"key":"p_38_269","unstructured":"Edgerton, R. B. 1992. Sick societies: challenging the myth of primitive harmony. Free Press, New York."},{"key":"p_39_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1982.tb01079.x","volume":"60","author":"Eibl-Eibesfeldt I.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Zoologische Tierpsychologie"},{"key":"p_40_271","unstructured":"- 1989. Human ethology. Aldine de Gruyter, New York."},{"key":"p_41_272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(95)00050-U"},{"key":"p_42_273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204255"},{"key":"p_43_274","unstructured":"- 1996. Egalitarianism and Machiavellian intelligence in human evolution. Pages 139-150 in P. Mellars and K. Gibson, eds. Modelling the early human mind. McDonald Institute Monographs. McDonald Institute for Archeological Research, Cambridge."},{"key":"p_44_275","unstructured":"Frank, R. H. 1988. Passions within reason: the strategic role of emotions. Norton, New York."},{"key":"p_45_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00036244","volume":"17","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behavior and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"p_46_277","unstructured":"Fried, M. H. 1967. The evolution of political society: an essay in political anthropology. Random House, New York."},{"key":"p_47_278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/203999"},{"key":"p_48_279","unstructured":"Goldschmidt, W. 1959. Man's way. Holt, New York."},{"key":"p_49_280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.31.5.355"},{"key":"p_50_281","first-page":"592","volume":"155","author":"Goodall J.","year":"1979","journal-title":"National Geographic"},{"key":"p_51_282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(64)90038-4"},{"key":"p_52_283","unstructured":"- 1991. Selection of selfish and altruistic behavior in some extreme models. Pages 57-92 in J. S. Eisenberg and W. S. Dillon, eds. Man and beast: a comparative social behavior. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C."},{"key":"p_53_284","first-page":"405","volume":"67","author":"Heintz H.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Anthropos"},{"key":"p_54_285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(87)90055-0"},{"key":"p_55_286","unstructured":"Keeley, L. H. 1996. War before civilization: the myth of the peaceful savage. Oxford University Press, New York."},{"key":"p_56_287","unstructured":"Kelly, R. L. 1995. The foraging spectrum: diversity in hunter-gatherer lifeways. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C."},{"key":"p_57_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00025437","volume":"12","author":"Knauft B. B.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Behavior and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"p_58_289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/203975"},{"key":"p_59_290","unstructured":"- 1994a. Culture and cooperation in human evolution. Pages 37-67 in L. Sponsel and T. Gregor, eds. The anthropology of peace and nonviolence. Rienner, Boulder, Colo."},{"key":"p_60_291","first-page":"181","volume":"35","year":"1994","journal-title":"Current Anthropology"},{"key":"p_61_292","unstructured":"Kummer, H. 1971. Primate societies: group techniques of ecological adaptation. Aldine, Chicago."},{"key":"p_62_293","unstructured":"Laughlin, C. D., and I. A. Brady, eds. 1978. Extinction and survival in human populations. Columbia University Press, New York."},{"key":"p_63_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, R. B. 1976. !Kung spatial organization: an ecological and historical perspective. Pages 73-97 in R. B. Lee and I. DeVore, eds. Kalahari hunter-gatherers: studies of the !Kung San and their neighbors. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674430600.c6"},{"key":"p_64_295","unstructured":"- 1979 The !Kung San: men, women, and work in a foraging society. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"p_65_296","unstructured":"- 1984. The Dobe !Kung. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Chicago."},{"key":"p_66_297","unstructured":"LeVine, R. A., and D. T. Campbell. 1972. Ethnocentrism: theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes, and group behavior. Wiley, New York."},{"key":"p_67_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00036360","volume":"17","author":"Miller G. F.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behavior and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"p_68_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mithen, S. J. 1990. Thoughtful foragers: a study of prehistoric decision making. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511752964"},{"key":"p_69_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00036372","volume":"17","author":"Moore J.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behavior and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"p_70_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00036384","volume":"17","author":"Nesse R.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behavior and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"p_71_302","unstructured":"Nishida, T. 1979. The social structure of chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains. Pages 73-122 in D. A. Hamburg and E. R. McCown, eds. The great apes. Benjamin\/Cummings, Menlo Park, Calif."},{"key":"p_72_303","unstructured":"Odum, E. P. 1993. Ecology and our endangered life-support systems. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass."},{"key":"p_74_304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1993.95.4.02a00050"},{"key":"p_75_305","unstructured":"Price, T. D., and J. A. Brown, eds. 1985. Prehistoric hunter-gatherers: the emergence of cultural complexity. Academic Press, New York."},{"key":"p_76_306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/286048"},{"key":"p_77_307","unstructured":"Service, E. 1975. Origin of the state and civilization: the process of cultural evolution. Norton, New York."},{"key":"p_78_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, H. 1990. A mechanism for social selection and successful altruism. Science (Washington, D.C.) 250:1665-1668.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2270480"},{"key":"p_79_309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204381"},{"key":"p_80_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1163\/156853994X00505","volume":"130","author":"Strier K. B.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"p_81_311","unstructured":"Tanaka, J. 1980. The San hunter-gatherers of the Kalahari: a study in ecological anthropology. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo."},{"key":"p_82_312","unstructured":"Tiger, L., and R. Fox. 1971. The imperial animal. Delta, New York."},{"key":"p_83_313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/406755"},{"key":"p_84_314","unstructured":"- 1972. Parental investment and sexual selection. Pages 136-179 in B. G. Campbell, ed. Sexual selection and the descent of man, 1871-1971. Aldine, Chicago."},{"key":"p_85_315","unstructured":"van Hoof, J. A. R. A. M., and C. P. van Schaik. 1992. Cooperation in competition: the ecology of primate bonds. Pages 357-390 in A. H. Harcourt and F. B. M. de Waal, eds. Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals. Oxford University Press, Oxford."},{"key":"p_86_316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(83)80222-X"},{"key":"p_87_317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/410450"},{"key":"p_88_318","unstructured":"Wiessner, P. 1982. Risk, reciprocity and social influences on !Kung San economics. Pages 61-84 in E. Leacock and R. B. Lee, eds. Politics and history in band societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"p_89_319","unstructured":"Williams, G. C. 1966. Adaptation and natural selection: a critique of some current evolutionary thought. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J."},{"key":"p_90_320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.1.143"},{"key":"p_91_321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/283146"},{"key":"p_92_322","unstructured":"- 1980. The natural selection of populations and communities. Cummings, Menlo Park, Calif."},{"key":"p_93_323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.14.110183.001111"},{"key":"p_94_324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(89)90005-1"},{"key":"p_95_325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3545133"},{"key":"p_97_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00036104","volume":"17","author":"Wilson D. S.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behavior and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"p_98_327","unstructured":"Wilson, E. O. 1975. Sociobiology: the new synthesis. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass."},{"key":"p_99_328","unstructured":"- 1978. On human nature. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass."},{"key":"p_100_329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2801707"}],"container-title":["The American Naturalist"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/pdf\/10.1086\/286052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]],"date-time":"2024-12-08T06:46:20Z","timestamp":1733640380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/10.1086\/286052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,7]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1086\/286052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/286052","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-0147","1537-5323"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-0147","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-5323","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,7]]}}}