{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:25:53Z","timestamp":1780374353369,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]},"DOI":"10.1086\/338787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,30]],"date-time":"2002-09-30T13:28:16Z","timestamp":1033392496000},"page":"797-805","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Emerging Infectious Agents: Do They Pose a Risk to the Safety of Transfused Blood and Blood Products?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Chamberland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref1","volume-title":"HIV and the blood supply: an analysis of crisis decision making","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"1995"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-77-5-691","article-title":"Posttransfusion hepatitis after exclusion of commercial and hepatitis-B antigen-positive donors","volume":"77","author":"Alter","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1998.38998409010.x","article-title":"Monetary compensation for plasma donors: a record of safety","volume":"38","author":"Simon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1423-0410.1999.7720067.x","article-title":"Oversight and monitoring of blood safety in the United States","volume":"77","author":"Busch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902113400606","article-title":"Transfusion medicine: first of two parts\u2014blood transfusion","volume":"340","author":"Goodnough","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref6","first-page":"8","article-title":"Canadian animal handlers infected with animal simian foamy virus: cautioned against blood donation","volume":"June 29","author":"America's Blood Centers","year":"2001","journal-title":"ABC Newslett"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103013440904","article-title":"Blood-borne and sexual transmission of human herpesvirus 8 in women with or at risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"344","author":"Cannon","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref8","volume-title":"Preventing emerging infectious diseases: a strategy for the 21st century","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1998"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref9","first-page":"79","article-title":"Transfusion safety when you don't know what you are looking for: issues related to emerging pathogens","volume-title":"Blood safety in the new millennium","author":"Kleinman","year":"2001"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1991.31191096183.x","article-title":"Risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission by blood transfusions before the implementation of HIV-1 antibody screening","volume":"31","author":"Busch","year":"1991","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.5.577","article-title":"Research opportunities in transfusion medicine","volume":"285","author":"Silberstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref12","first-page":"631","article-title":"The risks of transfusion-transmitted infection: direct estimation and mathematical modeling","volume-title":"New aspects of blood transfusion: Bailliere's best practice and research in clinical haematology","author":"Kleinman","year":"2000"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.2.229","article-title":"Trends in incidence and prevalence of major transfusion-transmissible viral infections in US blood donors, 1991 to 1996","volume":"284","author":"Glynn","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2000.40101165.x","article-title":"NAT of the United States and Canadian blood supply","volume":"40","author":"Stramer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2000.40020143.x","article-title":"Nucleic acid amplification testing of blood donors for transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases: report of the Interorganizational Task Force on Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing of Blood Donors","volume":"40","author":"Busch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref16","first-page":"33","article-title":"Closing the windows on viral transmission by blood transfusion","volume-title":"Blood safety in the new millennium","author":"Busch","year":"2001"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199606273342601","article-title":"The risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections","volume":"334","author":"Schreiber","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref18","first-page":"23","article-title":"Residual risk of transfusion-associated hepatitis","volume-title":"NIH Consensus Development Conference on Infectious Disease Testing for Blood Transfusions","author":"Alter","year":"1995"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007268","article-title":"Non-A, non-B hepatitis unrelated to the hepatitis C virus (non-ABC)","volume":"15","author":"Alter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199703133361101","article-title":"Acute non-A-E hepatitis in the United States and the role of hepatitis G virus infection","volume":"336","author":"Alter","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199703133361102","article-title":"The incidence of transfusion-associated hepatitis G virus infection and its relation to liver disease","volume":"336","author":"Alter","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1997.37697335149.x","article-title":"G-pers creepers, where'd you get those papers? A reassessment of the literature on hepatitis G virus","volume":"37","author":"Alter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300118","article-title":"Transfusion-associated TT virus infection and its relationship to liver disease","volume":"30","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.24268","article-title":"SEN virus infection and its relationship to transfusion-associated hepatitis","volume":"33","author":"Umemura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1086\/322050","article-title":"The presence of a newly identified infectious agent (SEN virus) in patients with liver diseases and in blood donors in Japan","volume":"184","author":"Shibata","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199812313392707","article-title":"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and related transmissible spongiform encephalopathies","volume":"339","author":"Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.53.1.283","article-title":"Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans","volume":"53","author":"Belay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1067\/mlc.2001.111951","article-title":"Blood infectivity and the prospects for a diagnostic screening test in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"137","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2001.41040433.x","article-title":"Transfusion medicine and spongiform encephalopathy","volume":"41","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1999.39111169.x","article-title":"Further studies of blood infectivity in an experimental model of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, with an explanation of why blood components do not transmit Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans","volume":"39","author":"Brown","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1998.38998408999.x","article-title":"The distribution of infectivity in blood components and plasma derivatives in experimental models of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy","volume":"38","author":"Brown","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.5.1287","article-title":"Risk factors for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a reanalysis of case control studies","volume":"46","author":"Wientjens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90068-R","article-title":"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and blood transfusion","volume":"341","author":"Esmonde","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)09468-3","article-title":"Case-control study of risk factors of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Europe during 1993\u201395","volume":"351","author":"van Duijn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1998.38998409000.x","article-title":"Surveillance for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease among persons with hemophilia","volume":"38","author":"Evatt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70412-8","article-title":"New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy","volume":"12","author":"Schonberger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref37","article-title":"Ninth Annual Report, 2000","volume-title":"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease surveillance in the UK","author":"The National CJD Surveillance Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh and Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (online)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref38","article-title":"The UK Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit","volume-title":"CJD figures"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref39","article-title":"Institut de Veille Sanitaire, France","volume-title":"Nombre de cas de maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob [in French]"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0204.960409","article-title":"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States, 1979\u20131994: using national mortality data to assess the possible occurrence of variant cases","volume":"2","author":"Holman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12075-5","article-title":"Investigation of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other human prion diseases with tonsil biopsy samples","volume":"353","author":"Hill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02719-7","article-title":"Transmission of BSE by blood transfusion in sheep","volume":"356","author":"Houston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.041490898","article-title":"Adaptation of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent to primates and comparison with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: implications for human health","volume":"98","author":"Lasmezas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref44","volume-title":"American Red Cross implements new deferral policy","author":"American Red Cross"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref45","volume-title":"Guidance for industry: revised preventive measures to reduce the possible risk of transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) by blood and blood products\u20149 January 2002","author":"US Food and Drug Administration"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200106283442603","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted malaria in the United States from 1963 through 1999","volume":"344","author":"Mungai","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1991.31691306255.x","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease: status in the blood supply in endemic and nonendemic countries","volume":"31","author":"Schmunis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1086\/315212","article-title":"Use of polymerase chain reaction to diagnose the fifth reported US case of autochthonous transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, in Tennessee, 1998","volume":"181","author":"Herwaldt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref49","first-page":"55","article-title":"Parasites and other emergent infectious agents","volume-title":"Blood safety in the new millennium","author":"Leiby","year":"2001"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1086\/593812","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted babesiosis in Washington state: first reported case caused by a WA1-type parasite","volume":"175","author":"Herwaldt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.239.26.2763","article-title":"Rocky Mountain spotted fever caused by blood transfusion","volume":"239","author":"Wells","year":"1978","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref52","first-page":"117","article-title":"Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis after red cell transfusion [abstract S535-040N]","volume":"39(Suppl)","author":"Eastlund","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2000.40030274.x","article-title":"Transmission of tick-borne agents of disease by blood transfusion: a review of known and potential risks in the United States","volume":"40","author":"McQusiton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"(Suppl)","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref54","first-page":"50S","article-title":"Acute blood donor co-infection with Babesia microti (Bm) and Borrleia burgdorferi (Bb) [abstract S189]","volume":"33","author":"Cable","year":"1993","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"(Suppl)","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref55","first-page":"12","article-title":"Evidence for transmission of Babesia microti from Connecticut blood donors to recipients [abstract S38-030G]","volume":"41","author":"Cable","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2000.40030285.x","article-title":"Transfusion-associated transmission of babesiosis in New York State","volume":"40","author":"Linden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807163390304","article-title":"Persistent parasitemia after acute babesiosis","volume":"339","author":"Krause","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2001.41070857.x","article-title":"Single-donor platelets reduce the risk of septic platelet transfusion reactions","volume":"41","author":"Ness","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.3.290","article-title":"Transfusion-associated bacterial sepsis","volume":"7","author":"Wagner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adverse consequences of blood transfusion: quantitative risk estimates","volume-title":"Blood supply risks, perceptions and prospects for the future","author":"Dodd","year":"1994"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2307\/30145536","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of platelets at a university hospital: increased identification due to intensified surveillance","volume":"15","author":"Zaza","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2001.41121493.x","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted bacterial infections in the United States, 1998\u20132000","volume":"41","author":"Kuehnert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1997.37397240214.x","article-title":"Evaluation of donor skin disinfection methods","volume":"37","author":"Goldman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2000.40030335.x","article-title":"Diversion of initial blood flow to prevent whole-blood contamination by skin surface bacteria: an in vitro model","volume":"40","author":"Wagner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1201\/b13998-22","article-title":"Viral inactivation","volume-title":"Blood safety and surveillance","author":"Horowitz","year":"2001"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2001.41101181.x","article-title":"America's Blood Centers and the gift relationship","volume":"41","author":"Dariotis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1991.31892023497.x","article-title":"Safety of blood donations following a natural disaster","volume":"31","author":"Busch","year":"1991","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref68","volume-title":"FDA policy statement on urgent collection, shipment, and use of whole blood and blood components intended for transfusion to address blood supply needs in the current disaster situation, September 11, 2001","author":"US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref69","author":"US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)","journal-title":"Revised FDA policy statement on urgent collection, shipment, and use of whole blood and blood components intended for transfusion, September 14, 2001"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref70","first-page":"889","article-title":"Update: investigation of anthrax associated with intentional exposure and interim public health guidelines, October 2001","volume":"50","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171222101547_ref71","volume-title":"Guidance for industry: recommendations for assessment of donor suitability and blood and blood product safety in cases of possible exposure to anthrax. 17 October 2001","author":"US Food and Drug Administration"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/34\/6\/797\/23036909\/34-6-797.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T20:07:07Z","timestamp":1513973227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/34\/6\/797\/2018779"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/338787","relation":{},"ISSN":["1537-6591","1058-4838"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]}}}