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Press, 1991), pp.14-71;"},{"key":"p_n_4","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History, ed. Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden","author":"Farley","year":"1992"},{"key":"p_n_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110819038.75"},{"key":"p_n_6","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Disease, Medicine, and Empire: Perspectives on Western Medicine and the Experience of European Expansion, ed. Roy MacLeod and Milton Lewis","author":"Worboys","year":"1988"},{"key":"p_n_7","volume-title":"A History of Hostilities since 1880 (London: Murray","author":"Harrison Gordon","year":"1978"},{"key":"p_n_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230377547"},{"key":"p_n_9","volume-title":"The Beast in the Mosquito: The Correspondence of Ronald Ross and Patrick Manson (Amsterdam: Rodopi","author":"Bynum W. F.","year":"1998"},{"key":"p_n_10","volume-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology: Classical Investigations, 2 vols. (Ithaca","author":"Most","year":"1978"},{"key":"p_n_11","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7ois Delaporte, The History of Yellow Fever: An Essay on the Birth of Tropical Medicine, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge,Mass. MIT Press, 1991), pp.23, 34-42; and"},{"key":"p_n_12","unstructured":"Douglas M. Haynes, \"From the Periphery to the Center: Patrick Manson and the Development of Tropical Medicine as a Specialty in Britain, 1870-1900\" (Ph.D. diss.Univ. California, Berkeley, 1992), pp.27-202. Delaporte's main concern is with how Carlos Finlay modeled his yellow fever research on Manson's study of filariasis; his treatment of Manson is brief and incomplete. Haynes concentrates on Manson's career strategy as a peripheral medical man in the context of an overcrowded metropolitan medical profession. I have benefited from both studies, but I focus on different aspects of Manson's work in this essay."},{"key":"p_n_14","unstructured":"Cook, Old Greenwich Hulks to Old St. Pancras (cit. n. 1), p.68."},{"key":"p_n_16","volume-title":"The Physician as Naturalist: Addresses and Memories on the History and Progress of Medicine Chiefly During the Last Hundred Years (Glasgow: Maclehose","author":"Gairdner W. T.","year":"1889"},{"key":"p_n_17","volume-title":"The Modernization of Medical Teaching at Aberdeen in the Nineteenth Century (Aberdeen: Univ","author":"Pennington Carolyn","year":"1994"},{"key":"p_n_18","first-page":"55","author":"Paget Stephen","year":"1901","journal-title":"Green"},{"key":"p_n_19","volume-title":"The Museum of Natural History: Mammalia (Glasgow: MacKenzie","author":"Cobbold Thomas Spencer","year":"1862"},{"key":"p_n_20","first-page":"25","author":"Foster W. D.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Livingstone"},{"key":"p_n_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-5550-5_1"},{"key":"p_n_22","unstructured":"Pennington, Modernization of Medical Teaching (cit. n. 4), pp.37-38."},{"key":"p_n_23","first-page":"361","volume":"59","author":"Warner Margaret","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine"},{"key":"p_n_24","first-page":"253","volume-title":"Press","author":"Pelling Margaret","year":"1978"},{"key":"p_n_25","volume-title":"The Natural History and Epidemiology of Cholera (London: Churchill","author":"Fayrer Joseph","year":"1888"},{"key":"p_n_26","first-page":"426","volume-title":"Cultures of Natural History, ed. Nicholas Jardine, J. A. Secord, and E","author":"Nyhart Lynn K.","year":"1996"},{"key":"p_n_27","first-page":"3","volume-title":"More Particularly, to the Internal Parasites of Man","author":"Cobbold Thomas Spencer","year":"1864"},{"key":"p_n_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300026636"},{"key":"p_n_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1835.tb00631.x"},{"key":"p_n_31","unstructured":"Owen, \"Remarks on Entozoa,\" ibid., pp.387-394; and"},{"key":"p_n_32","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology, ed. R. B. Todd, 5 vols.","volume":"2","author":"Owen","year":"1835"},{"key":"p_n_33","first-page":"616","volume-title":"Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. Charles C. Gillispie, 18 vols.","volume":"2","author":"Thomas K. Bryn","year":"1970"},{"key":"p_n_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1177\/096777209700500207","volume":"5","author":"Cook G. C.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Biography"},{"key":"p_n_36","unstructured":"Cook, Old Greenwich Hulks to Old St. Pancras (cit. n. 1), p.69."},{"issue":"3","key":"p_n_37","first-page":"22","author":"M\u00fcller A.","year":"1872","journal-title":"Medical Reports, Customs Gazette"},{"key":"p_n_38","volume-title":"China (London","author":"Maxwell John P.","year":"1903"},{"key":"p_n_40","first-page":"61","volume":"36","author":"Worboys Michael","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitologia"},{"key":"p_n_41","volume-title":"Report on the Health of Amoy","author":"Manson M\u00fcller"},{"key":"p_n_42","unstructured":"William Aitken, Handbook of the Science and Practice of Medicine (London: Griffin, 1858), pp.250-251. Sir William Aitken (1825-1892), who received his M.D. degree at theUniversity of Edinburgh, was later appointed professor of pathology (1860-1892) at the Army Medical School at Netley. See"},{"key":"p_n_43","first-page":"26","volume":"1","author":"Nias Joseph B.","journal-title":"Dictionary of National Biography, Supplement"},{"key":"p_n_44","first-page":"842","volume":"2","author":"Manson Patrick","year":"1897","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"p_n_45","first-page":"359","volume-title":"Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment","author":"Fox Tilbury","year":"1873"},{"key":"p_n_46","volume-title":"Lectures on Dermatology: A Synopsis of Diseases of the Skin (London: Churchill","author":"Wilson Erasmus","year":"1871"},{"key":"p_n_47","first-page":"374","volume-title":"Kean et al. (cit. n. 2)","volume":"2","author":"Demarquay Jean-Nicolas","year":"1863"},{"key":"p_n_48","first-page":"97","volume":"3","author":"Wucherer E. H.","year":"1868","journal-title":"Gazeta M\u00e9dica de Bahia"},{"key":"p_n_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004418448_010","volume-title":"Warm Climates and Western Medicine: The Emergence of Tropical Medicine, 1500-1900, ed. David Arnold","author":"Peard Julyan G.","year":"1996"},{"key":"p_n_52","unstructured":"Worboys, \"Emergence of Tropical Medicine,\" (cit. n. 1), pp.81-82; and"},{"key":"p_n_53","unstructured":"Haynes, \"From the Periphery to the Center\" (cit. n. 2), pp.86-110. On Mansonas an autodidact see"},{"key":"p_n_56","volume-title":"Being a Supplement to the Study of Helminthology (London: Groombridge","author":"Cobbold Thomas Spencer","year":"1869"},{"issue":"7","key":"p_n_57","first-page":"13","author":"Somerville J. R.","year":"1874","journal-title":"Med. Rep. Customs Gaz."},{"key":"p_n_58","unstructured":"Haynes, \"From the Periphery to the Center,\" pp.168-202."},{"key":"p_n_59","first-page":"7","volume":"1862","author":"Carter Henry Vandyke","journal-title":"Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Bombay"},{"issue":"10","key":"p_n_60","first-page":"1","author":"Manson Patrick","year":"1876","journal-title":"Med. Rep. Customs Gaz."},{"key":"p_n_61","unstructured":"Bynum and Overy, eds.Beast in the Mosquito (cit. n. 1), p.488."},{"key":"p_n_62","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Its Relation to Chyluria and Other Diseases, Forming an Appendix to the Eighth Annual Report of the Sanitary Commissioners with the Government of India","author":"Lewis Timothy R.","year":"1872"},{"key":"p_n_64","first-page":"296","volume-title":"Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. Gillispie (cit. n. 10)","volume":"8","author":"Clarkson M. J."},{"key":"p_n_65","first-page":"402","volume-title":"DNB: Missing Persons, ed. C. S. Nicholls","author":"Pelling Margaret","year":"1993"},{"key":"p_n_66","first-page":"39","author":"Lewis Timothy R.","journal-title":"Office of Indian Annals of Medical Science, 1874)"},{"key":"p_n_68","unstructured":"Timothy R. Lewis, \"The Pathological Significance of Nematode Haematozoa, Forming an Appendix to the Tenth Annual Report of the Sanitary Commissioner with the Government of India, 1874,\" rpt. in Physiological and Pathological Researches:Beinga Reprint of the Principal Scientific Writings of the late T. R. Lewis, M.B., ed. William Aitken et al. (London:Lewis Memorial Committee, 1888), pp.533-556(see esp. pp. 546-547)."},{"issue":"10","key":"p_n_70","first-page":"46","year":"1875","journal-title":"Indian Medical Gazette"},{"issue":"9","key":"p_n_72","first-page":"204","author":"McLeod Surgeon K.","year":"1874","journal-title":"Indian Med. Gaz."},{"key":"p_n_73","unstructured":"Manson, \"Remarks on Lymph Scrotum, Elephantiasis, and Chyluria\" (cit. n. 17), pp.2-6, on pp. 2-3, 6 (see alsoManson-Bahr and Alcock, Patrick Manson, p. 42); and"},{"issue":"14","key":"p_n_74","first-page":"1","author":"Manson Patrick","year":"1878","journal-title":"Med. Rep. Customs Gaz."},{"key":"p_n_75","first-page":"446","volume-title":"Reports on Zoology for 1843, 1844","author":"von Siebold Carl Theodor","year":"1847"},{"key":"p_n_76","unstructured":"T. Spencer Cobbold, The Parasites of Meat and Prepared Flesh Food (London: Executive Council of the International Health Exhibition, 1884), pp.10-11."},{"key":"p_n_77","volume-title":"Remarks on Lymph Scrotum, Elephantiasis, and Chyluria","author":"Manson"},{"issue":"13","key":"p_n_78","first-page":"13","author":"Manson Patrick","year":"1877","journal-title":"Med. Rep. Customs Gaz."},{"key":"p_n_79","volume-title":"A Treatise on the Entozoa of Man and Animals (London: Churchill","author":"Cobbold Thomas Spencer","year":"1879"},{"key":"p_n_80","volume-title":"Principles of General and Comparative Physiology (London: Churchill","author":"Carpenter William B.","year":"1841"},{"key":"p_n_81","volume-title":"Animals and Disease: An Introduction to the History of Comparative Medicine","author":"Wilkinson Lise","year":"1992"},{"key":"p_n_83","unstructured":"Manson, \"Report on Haematozoa,\" pp.13, 30-31."},{"key":"p_n_84","unstructured":"Patrick Manson, The Filaria Sanguinis Hominis and Certain New Forms of Disease in India, China, and Warm Climate Countries (London: Lewis, 1883), pp.17-18; and"},{"key":"p_n_85","first-page":"47","volume":"7","author":"Jacyna L. S.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Stud. Hist. Biol."},{"key":"p_n_86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)15666-2"},{"key":"p_n_87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/13.3.467"},{"key":"p_n_88","volume-title":"Further Observations on Filaria Sanguinis Hominis","author":"Manson"},{"key":"p_n_89","first-page":"285","volume":"32","author":"Manson Patrick","year":"1881","journal-title":"Transactions of the Pathological Society of London"},{"key":"p_n_90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1878.tb01837.x"},{"key":"p_n_91","volume-title":"Lymph Scrotum, Showing Filaria in Sit","author":"Manson"},{"key":"p_n_92","unstructured":"Ogilvie, Master-Builder's Plan (cit. n. 5), pp.134, 163.Seealso"},{"key":"p_n_93","unstructured":"Rehbock, Philosophical Naturalists (cit. n. 4), p.9."},{"key":"p_n_94","unstructured":"Manson, \"Lymph Scrotum, Showing Filaria in Sit,\" pp.290-291; see also"},{"key":"p_n_95","unstructured":"Delaporte, History of Yellow Fever, trans. Goldhammer (cit. n. 2), pp.23-24."},{"key":"p_n_96","volume-title":"Remarks on Lymph Scrotum, Elephantiasis, and Chyluria","author":"Manson"},{"issue":"20","key":"p_n_97","first-page":"10","author":"Manson Patrick","year":"1881","journal-title":"Med. Rep. Customs Gaz."},{"key":"p_n_98","unstructured":"Manson, \"Note on Tinea Imbricata\" (cit. n. 13), pp.9-10. Distoma ringeris causes bloody sputum; Tinea imbricataand Tineacircinata cause skin diseases."},{"issue":"22","key":"p_n_99","first-page":"63","author":"Manson Patrick","year":"1882","journal-title":"Med. Rep. Customs Gaz."},{"key":"p_n_100","volume-title":"Handbook (cit. n. 13)","author":"Aitken"},{"key":"p_n_101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300061317"},{"key":"p_n_102","first-page":"287","volume-title":"Cultures of Natural History, ed. Jardine et al. (cit. n. 9)","author":"Dettelbach Michael"},{"issue":"22","key":"p_n_104","first-page":"52","author":"Manson Patrick","year":"1882","journal-title":"Med. Rep. Customs Gaz."},{"key":"p_n_105","unstructured":"Aitken, Handbook (cit. n. 13), p.34. In his 1839 report on pulmoniferous mollusca Forbes considered \"climate and soil\" the two principal factors determining distribution; see"},{"key":"p_n_108","volume-title":"Race, Environment, and British Imperialism in India","author":"Harrison Mark","year":"1999"},{"key":"p_n_112","unstructured":"Manson, \"Further Observations on Filaria Sanguinis Hominis\" (cit. n. 24), pp.11-14. This experiment was similar to the feeding experiments pioneered by German medical men such as Frederich K\u00fcchenmeister and Rudolph Virchow in the1850s.See"},{"key":"p_n_115","volume-title":"Report on Haematozoa","author":"Manson"},{"key":"p_n_116","volume-title":"Lymph Scrotum, Showing Filaria in Sit","author":"Manson"},{"issue":"23","key":"p_n_117","first-page":"1","author":"Manson Patrick","year":"1882","journal-title":"Med. Rep. Customs Gaz."},{"key":"p_n_118","volume-title":"Their Sources, Nature, and Treatment (London: Longmans & Green","author":"Cobbold Thomas Spencer","year":"1867"},{"key":"p_n_120","unstructured":"Rehbock, Philosophical Naturalists (cit. n. 4), p.194."},{"key":"p_n_121","volume-title":"many parasites require two hosts, a definitive and intermediary, zoologically so dissimilar as vertebrate and insect or mollusc","author":"Huxley In"},{"key":"p_n_123","volume-title":"The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (London: Penguin","author":"Darwin Charles","year":"1968"},{"key":"p_n_124","volume-title":"Lymph Scrotum, Showing Filaria in Sit","author":"Manson"},{"key":"p_n_125","volume-title":"Further Observations on Filaria Sanguinis Hominis","author":"Manson"},{"key":"p_n_126","volume-title":"Notes on Filaria Disease","author":"Manson"},{"key":"p_n_127","unstructured":"Manson, \"Lymph Scrotum, Showing Filaria in Sit,\" pp.296-297(onFilariacorvi torquati);"},{"key":"p_n_128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)21561-5"},{"key":"p_n_129","unstructured":"Manson, Filaria Sanguinis Hominis and Certain New Forms of Disease (cit. n. 27), p.27(see also Manson, \"Lymph Scrotum, Showing Filaria inSit,\" pp. 298-299)."},{"key":"p_n_130","volume-title":"Lymph Scrotum, Showing Filaria in Sit","author":"Manson"},{"key":"p_n_131","first-page":"725","volume-title":"The Cambridge World History of Human Disease","author":"Savitt Todd L.","year":"1984"},{"key":"p_n_132","first-page":"206","volume-title":"Univ","author":"Li Shang-Jen","year":"1999"},{"key":"p_n_135","volume-title":"Special Training in Tropical Disease","author":"Manson"},{"key":"p_n_136","first-page":"303","volume-title":"Greater Than the Parts: Holism in Biomedicine","author":"Mendelsohn J. Andrew","year":"1920"},{"key":"p_n_137","unstructured":"Delaporte, History of Yellow Fever, trans. Goldhammer (cit. n. 2), pp.114-124, esp. p. 117."},{"key":"p_n_138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/52.1.7"},{"key":"p_n_140","unstructured":"James E. Strick, Sparks of Life: Darwinism and the Victorian Debates over Spontaneous Generation(Cambridge,Mass. Harvard Univ. 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