{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T10:16:30Z","timestamp":1779272190691,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5145,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0195941700044416_abs1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate an outbreak of methicillin-susceptible<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>(MSSA); infections in a neonatal clinic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700044416_abs2\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective chart review, environmental sampling, and genotyping by two independent methods: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). A case-control study was performed with 31 controls from the same clinic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700044416_abs3\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A German 1,350-bed tertiary-care teaching university hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700044416_abs4\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a significant increase in the incidence of pyodermas with MSSA 10 neonates in good physical condition with no infection immediately after birth developed pyodermas. A shared spatula and ultrasound gel were the only identified infection sources. The gel contained MSSA and was used for hip-joint sonographies in all neonates. PFGE and RAPD-PCR patterns from 6 neonates and from the gel were indistinguishable and thus genetically related clones. The case-control study revealed no significant risk factor with the exception of cesarean section (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.006). The attack rate by days of hip-joint sonography between April 15 and April 27, 1994, was 11.8% to 40%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700044416_abs5\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inappropriate hygienic measures in connection with lubricants during routine ultrasound scanning may lead to nosocomial<jats:italic>S aureus<\/jats:italic>infections of the skin. To our knowledge this source of<jats:italic>S aureus<\/jats:italic>infections has not previously been described.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/501729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,7]],"date-time":"2006-02-07T23:53:53Z","timestamp":1139356433000},"page":"761-764","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["An Outbreak of Pyodermas Among Neonates Caused by Ultrasound Gel Contaminated With Methicillin-Susceptible<i>Staphylococcus Aureus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Klaus","family":"Weist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constanze","family":"Wendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyle R.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Versmold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"R\u00fcden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30141100"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30141511"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01719292"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(95)00024-5"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(95)90272-4"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80749-8"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(93)90026-V"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(77)80836-6"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0195941700064626"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref001","first-page":"693","article-title":"Infections acquired by young infants","volume":"135","author":"Maguire","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008770"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01695635"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.164.6.7754907"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(93)90253-Z"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00075198-199610000-00003"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.1996.tb00193.x"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30145277"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.9.2233-2239.1995","article-title":"Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction pattern produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing","volume":"33","author":"Tenover","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1989.tb11060.x"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.6.1537-1547.1995","article-title":"Multicenter evaluation of arbitrarily primed PCR for typing of Staphylococcus aureus strains","volume":"33","author":"van Belkum","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref003","first-page":"131","article-title":"Unique epidemiology of nosocomial infection in a children's hospital","volume":"138","author":"Weliver","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref011","first-page":"893","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infections in newborn nursery patients","volume":"132","author":"Gooch","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"S0195941700044416_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.5.1357-1360.1998","article-title":"Nosocomial outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing SHV-5 extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases, originating from a contaminated ultrasonography coupling gel","volume":"36","author":"Gaillot","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; 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