{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T06:56:39Z","timestamp":1790232999149,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5389,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0195941700054795_abs1\"><jats:title>Objectives.<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the site and bacterial epidemiology of nosocomial infections (NIs) in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700054795_abs2\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>6-month prospective study with periodic chart review during hospitalization using a uniform prospective questionnaire in each unit, analyzed at a coordinating center.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700054795_abs3\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>20 units in eight European countries: 5 pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), 7 neonatal units, 2 hematology-oncology units, 8 general pediatric units.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700054795_abs4\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>All children hospitalized during the study period with an NI according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700054795_abs5\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall incidence of NI was 2.5%, ranging from 1% in general pediatric units to 23.6% in PICUs. Bacteria were responsible for 68% (gram-negative bacilli, 37%; gram-positive cocci, 31%),<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>for 9%, and viruses for 22% of cases. The proportion of lower respiratory tract infections was 13% in general pediatric units and 53% in PICUs. Bloodstream infections were most frequent in neonatal units (71% of NIs) and were associated with a central venous catheter in 66% of cases. Coagulase-negative<jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>(CNS) was the main pathogen. Eleven percent of NI were urinary tract infections. Gastrointestinal infections were most commonly viral and accounted for 76% of NIs in general pediatric units.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance depended on the type of unit. The highest rates were observed in PICUs: 26.3% of<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>and 89% of CNS were methicillin-resistant, and 37.5% of<jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>had an extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase. Mortality due to NI was 10% in PICUs and 17% in neonatal units.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700054795_abs6\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found large differences in NI frequency and microbial epidemiology in this European study. Viruses were the main pathogens in general pediatrics units. Catheter-related sepsis and CNS were frequent in newborns. A high frequency of multiresistant bacteria was observed in some units. Clinical monitoring of NIs and bacterial resistance profiles are required in all pediatric units.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/501755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,7]],"date-time":"2006-02-07T20:28:15Z","timestamp":1139344095000},"page":"260-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":315,"title":["Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Patients A European, Multicenter Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Josette","family":"Raymond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Aujard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"European Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198910000-00002"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530080055041"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(92)90056-R"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.98.3.357","article-title":"Nosocomial infections among neonates in high-risk nurseries in the United States","volume":"98","author":"Gaynes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199205000-00002"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(88)90053-3"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(81)90411-3"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/153.3.462"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00645.x"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref005","first-page":"131","article-title":"Unique epidemiology of nosocomial infection in a children's hospital","volume":"138","author":"Welliver","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/144.5.449"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref021","first-page":"812","volume-title":"Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infections","author":"Ford-Jones","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(95)90250-3"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(96)90062-6"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(97)90166-3"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(96)90144-9"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(94)90093-0"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198704000-00003"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70191-9"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198601000-00006"},{"key":"S0195941700054795_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1983.02140350016005"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0195941700054795","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T11:54:04Z","timestamp":1683374044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0195941700054795\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0195941700054795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/501755","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-823X","1559-6834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-823X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-6834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]}}}