{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:33:05Z","timestamp":1790623985768,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4871,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700066728_abs1\"><jats:title><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>To measure directly the rate of contamination, during routine patient examination, of gowns, gloves, and stethoscopes with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700066728_abs2\"><jats:title><jats:bold>Setting:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>A large, academic, tertiary-care hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700066728_abs3\"><jats:title><jats:bold>Patients:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>Between January 1997 and December 1998, 49 patients colonized or infected with VRE were entered in the study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700066728_abs4\"><jats:title><jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>After routine examination, the examiner's glove fingertips, gown (the umbilical region and the cuffs), and stethoscope diaphragm were pressed onto Columbia colistin-nalidixic acid (CNA) agar plates with 5% sheep blood plus vancomycin 6 ug\/mL. The stethoscope diaphragm was sampled again after cleaning with a 70% isopropanol wipe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700066728_abs5\"><jats:title><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>VRE were isolated from at least 1 examiner site (gloves, gowns, or stethoscope) in 33 (67%) of 49 cases. Gloves were contaminated in 63%, gowns in 37%, and stethoscopes in 31%. All three items were positive for VRE in 24%. One case each had stethoscope and gown contamination without glove contamination. Only 1 (2%) of 49 stethoscopes was positive after wiping with an alcohol swab. Contamination at any site was more likely when the patient had a colostomy or ileostomy. Patients identified by rectal-swab culture alone were as likely to contaminate their examiners as were those identified by clinical specimens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700066728_abs6\"><jats:title><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study revealed a high rate of examiner contamination with VRE. The similar risk of contamination identified by surveillance and clinical cases reinforces concerns that patients not known to be colonized with VRE could serve as sources for dissemination. Wiping with alcohol is effective in decontaminating stethoscopes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/501952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,17]],"date-time":"2006-02-17T20:17:13Z","timestamp":1140207433000},"page":"560-564","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Contamination of Gowns, Gloves, and Stethoscopes With Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kimon C.","family":"Zachary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela S.","family":"Bayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria J.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale S.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah Christine","family":"Silver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Hooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-125-6-199609150-00004"},{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.5.1126"},{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30141115"},{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.6.1565-1570.1997","article-title":"Emergence and dissemination of a highly vancomycin-resistant vanA strain of Enterococcus faecium at a large teaching hospital","volume":"35","author":"Pegues","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/16.6.750"},{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1999.5.113"},{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70361-5"},{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00440120120013"},{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recommendation for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)","volume":"44","year":"1995","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/24.4.704"},{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.32.5.1148-1153.1994","article-title":"Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium with transferable vanB class vancomycin resistance","volume":"32","author":"Boyce","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-4-199508150-00002"},{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.20.2461"},{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.4.1084-1091.1999","article-title":"DNA banding pattern polymorphism in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and criteria for defining strains","volume":"37","author":"Morrison","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30147097"},{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597643"},{"key":"S0195941700066728_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.6.1584-1587.1998","article-title":"Use of tests for acidification of methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and susceptibility to efrotomycin for differentiation of strains of Enterococcus and some related genera","volume":"36","author":"Carvalho","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; 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