{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:26:44Z","timestamp":1767652004690},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4203,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S019594170008156X_abs1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the airborne viable bacterial concentrations generated during sputum induction and their reduction with exhaust ventilation, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), or both.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S019594170008156X_abs2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exhaust ventilation, upper air UVGI lights, and a portable UVGI unit were operated independently or in combination while and after sputum induction was performed for 58 patients suspected of having active tuberculosis. Viable airborne bacteria were sampled with volumetric air samplers, grown on blood agar, and identified with standard techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S019594170008156X_abs3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>During and immediately after sputum induction, concentrations of airborne bacteria, particularly respiratory tract or oropharyngeal organisms, increased rapidly, regardless of environmental conditions. The subsequent rate of reduction of airborne bacteria was most rapid with the portable UVGI unit, followed by upper air UVGI with air mixing. Exhaust ventilation achieved high air changes per hour, but efficacy in reducing airborne bacterial concentrations was low. However, the continuous entrainment of bacteria-laden air from the hallway outside may have resulted in underestimation. The efficacy of a wall-mounted upper air UVGI fixture was significantly less if there was no air mixing. The irradiation from this fixture was of adequate germicidal intensity only in a narrow horizontal plane 2.5 m above the floor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S019594170008156X_abs4\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sputum induction was associated with a rapid and substantial increase in airborne bacteria despite the use of exhaust ventilation providing more than 30 air changes per hour, and the adjunct use of UVGI. This emphasizes that health-care workers involved in similar cough-inducing procedures performed for patients with suspected tuberculosis must wear appropriate personal respirators (<jats:italic>Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol<\/jats:italic>2003;24:483-489)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/502242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,13]],"date-time":"2006-03-13T16:21:01Z","timestamp":1142266861000},"page":"483-489","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Efficacy of Environmental Measures in Reducing Potentially Infectious Bioaerosols During Sputum Induction"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Dick","family":"Menzies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neill","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Arietta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Loo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S019594170008156X_ref013","first-page":"227","article-title":"Studies of the control of respiratory diseases among naval recruits: a review of a four-year experience with ultraviolet irradiation and dust suppressive measures, 1943-1947","volume":"48","author":"Willmon","year":"1948","journal-title":"American Journal of Hygiene"},{"key":"S019594170008156X_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(95)90265-1"},{"key":"S019594170008156X_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/104732299302909"},{"key":"S019594170008156X_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(95)90261-9"},{"key":"S019594170008156X_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.5.7582296"},{"key":"S019594170008156X_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30141420"},{"key":"S019594170008156X_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.23.6.1113-1120.1972","article-title":"Effect of relative humidity on the inactivation of airborne Serratia marcescens by ultraviolet radiation","volume":"23","author":"Riley","year":"1972","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"S019594170008156X_ref022","volume-title":"Basic and Clinical Biostatistics","author":"Dawson-Saunders","year":"1990"},{"key":"S019594170008156X_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90228-7"},{"key":"S019594170008156X_ref011","first-page":"97","article-title":"The environmental control of epidemic contagion: an epidemiologic study of radiant disinfection of air in day schools","volume":"27","author":"Wells","year":"1941","journal-title":"American Journal of Hygiene"},{"key":"S019594170008156X_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.6.8520767"},{"key":"S019594170008156X_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.37.5.529"},{"key":"S019594170008156X_ref014","first-page":"611","article-title":"On air-borne infection: Study II. 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