{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:38:57Z","timestamp":1790023137222,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3867,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700086161_abs1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate whether rhinovirus infection leads to increased airborne dispersal of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700086161_abs2\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective nonrandomized intervention trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700086161_abs3\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700086161_abs4\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve nasal <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus-<\/jats:italic>CoNS carriers among 685 students screened for <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> nasal carriage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700086161_abs5\"><jats:title>Interventions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were studied for airborne dispersal of CoNS in a chamber under three conditions (street clothes, sterile gown with a mask, and sterile gown without a mask). After 2 days of pre-exposure measurements, volunteers were inoculated with a rhinovirus and observed for 14 days. Daily quantitative nasal and skin cultures for CoNS and nasal cultures for rhinovirus were performed. In addition, assessment of cold symptoms was performed daily, mucous samples were collected, and serum titers before and after rhinovirus inoculation were obtained. Sneezing, coughing, and talking events were recorded during chamber sessions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700086161_abs6\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>All participants had at least one nasal wash positive for rhinovirus and 10 developed a symptomatic cold. Postexposure, there was a twofold increase in airborne CoNS (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .0004), peaking at day 12. CoNS dispersal was reduced by wearing a gown (57% reduction, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .0001), but not a mask (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .7). Nasal and skin CoNS colonization increased after rhinovirus infection (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700086161_abs7\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We believe this is the first demonstration that a viral pathogen in the upper airways can increase airborne dispersal of CoNS in nasal <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> carriers. Gowns, gloves, and caps had a protective effect, whereas wearing a mask did not further reduce airborne spread.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/502430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,14]],"date-time":"2006-04-14T17:30:18Z","timestamp":1145035818000},"page":"504-511","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Airborne Dispersal as a Novel Transmission Route of Coagulase-Negatwe Staphylococci Interaction Between Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci and Rhinovirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Werner E.","family":"Bischoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Bassetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Bassetti-Wyss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle 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