{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:40:07Z","timestamp":1790260807603,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2833,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0195941700045884_abs1\"><jats:title>Objectives.<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the type of pathogens isolated from patients with early-onset intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired pneumonia with those isolated from patients with late-onset ICU-acquired pneumonia and to study risk factors for the isolation of pathogens that are potentially resistant to multiple drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700045884_abs2\"><jats:title>Design.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700045884_abs3\"><jats:title>Setting.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients admitted to the ICU of a 677-bed, university-affiliated teaching hospital in Belgium during 1997-2002.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700045884_abs4\"><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>ICU-acquired pneumonia was defined as a case of pneumonia that occurred 2 days or more after admission to the ICU in combination with a positive results of radiologic analysis, clinical signs and symptoms, and a positive culture result. All cases of pneumonia were categorized as either early onset (within 7 days after admission) and late onset (7 days or more after admission), with or without previous antibiotic treatment, and the corresponding pathogens were analyzed. Risk factors for the isolation of pathogens potentially resistant to multiple drugs (ie, <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter<\/jats:italic> species, <jats:italic>Morganella morganii<\/jats:italic>, methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Stapylococcus aureus, Citrobacter<\/jats:italic> species, <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic> species, <jats:italic>Burkholderia<\/jats:italic> species, extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase\u2013producing pathogens, and <jats:italic>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/jats:italic>) were analyzed using logistic regression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700045884_abs5\"><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 4,200 patients stayed at the ICU for 2 or more days, 298 of whom developed ICU-acquired pneumonia, for an overall incidence of 13 cases (95% confidence interval [CI], 11-14 cases) per 1,000 ICU-days. Pathogens potentially resistant to multiple drugs were isolated from 52% of patients with early-onset pneumonia. Risk factors for the isolation of these pathogens were greater age and previous receipt of antibiotic prophylaxis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.6 [95% CI, 1.6-13.0]) or antibiotic therapy (aOR, 8.2 [95% CI, 2.8-23.8]). The length of ICU admission and hospital stay were weaker risk factors for the isolation of these pathogens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700045884_abs6\"><jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pathogens potentially resistant to multiple drugs were isolated in 52% of cases of early-onset ICU-acquired pneumonia. Previous antibiotic use (both prophylactic and therapeutic) is the main risk factor for the isolation of these pathogens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/511702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,21]],"date-time":"2007-03-21T10:20:37Z","timestamp":1174472437000},"page":"389-397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Pathogens in Early-Onset and Late-Onset Intensive Care Unit\u2013Acquired Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"K. M. 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Available at: http:\/\/helics.univ-lyonl.fr\/home.htm. Accessed February 16, 2007."},{"key":"S0195941700045884_ref010","first-page":"742","article-title":"The microbiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"50","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"S0195941700045884_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2004.10.012"},{"key":"S0195941700045884_ref006","volume-title":"Diagnosis and Antibacterial Treatment of VAP","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0195941700045884_ref021","first-page":"788","article-title":"The clinical diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"50","author":"Niederman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"S0195941700045884_ref004","unstructured":"National Surveillance of Infection in Hospitals Web site. Available at: http:\/\/www.nsih.be. 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