{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:04:02Z","timestamp":1791349442288,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2892,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0195941700051080_abs1\"><jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title><jats:p>The epidemiology of <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic>-associated disease (CDAD) is changing, with evidence of increased incidence and severity. However, the understanding of the magnitude of and reasons for this change is currently hampered by the lack of standardized surveillance methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700051080_abs2\"><jats:title>Objective and Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>An ad hoc <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic> surveillance working group was formed to develop interim surveillance definitions and recommendations based on existing literature and expert opinion that can help to improve CDAD surveillance and prevention efforts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700051080_abs3\"><jats:title>Definitions and Recommendations.<\/jats:title><jats:p>A CDAD case patient was defined as a patient with symptoms of diarrhea or toxic megacolon combined with a positive result of a laboratory assay and\/or endoscopic or histopathologic evidence of pseudomembranous colitis. Recurrent CDAD was defined as repeated episodes within 8 weeks of each other. Severe CDAD was defined by CDAD-associated admission to an intensive care unit, colectomy, or death within 30 days after onset. Case patients were categorized by the setting in which <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic> was likely acquired, to account for recent evidence that suggests that healthcare facility-associated CDAD may have its onset in the community up to 4 weeks after discharge. Tracking of healthcare facility\u2013onset, healthcare facility\u2013associated CDAD is the minimum surveillance required for healthcare settings; tracking of community\u2013onset, healthcare facility\u2013associated CDAD should be performed only in conjunction with tracking of healthcare facility\u2013onset, healthcare facility\u2013associated CDAD. Community\u2013associated CDAD was defined by symptom onset more than 12 weeks after the last discharge from a healthcare facility. Rates of both healthcare facility\u2013onset, healthcare facility\u2013associated CDAD and community\u2013onset, healthcare facility\u2013associated CDAD should be expressed as case patients per 10,000 patient\u2013days; rates of community-associated CDAD should be expressed as case patients per 100,000 person-years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/511798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,3]],"date-time":"2007-02-03T03:14:30Z","timestamp":1170472470000},"page":"140-145","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":498,"title":["Recommendations for Surveillance of <i>Clostridium difficile<\/i>\u2013Associated Disease"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"L. 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