{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T06:20:37Z","timestamp":1776406837181,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2742,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0195941700046749_abs1\"><jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a well recognized risk for healthcare workers (HCWs), and routine vaccination of HCWs has been recommended since 1982. By 1995, the level of vaccination coverage among HCWs was only 67%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700046749_abs2\"><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>To obtain an accurate estimate of hepatitis B vaccination coverage levels among HCWs and to describe the hospital characteristics and hepatitis B vaccination policies associated with various coverage levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700046749_abs3\"><jats:title>Design.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700046749_abs4\"><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>A representative sample of 425 of 6,116 American Hospital Association member hospitals was selected to participate, using probability-proportional-to-size methods during 2002-2003. The data collected included information regarding each hospital's hepatitis B vaccination policies. Vaccination coverage levels were estimated from a systematic sample of 25 HCWs from each hospital whose medical records were reviewed for demographic and vaccination data. The main outcome measure was hepatitis B vaccination coverage levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700046749_abs5\"><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among at-risk HCWs, 75% had received 3 or more doses of the hepatitis B vaccine, corresponding to an estimated 2.5 million vaccinated hospital-based HCWs. The coverage level was 81% among staff physicians and nurses. Compared with nurses, coverage was significantly lower among phlebotomists (71.1%) and nurses' aides and\/or other patient care staff (70.9%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05). Hepatitis B vaccination coverage was highest among white HCWs (79.5%) and lowest among black HCWs (67.6%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05). Compared with HCWs who worked in hospitals that required vaccination only of HCWs with identified risk for exposure to blood or other potentially infectious material, hepatitis B vaccination coverage was significantly lower among HCWs who worked in hospitals that required vaccination of HCWs without identified risk for exposure to blood or other potentially infectious material (76.6% vs 62.4%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700046749_abs6\"><jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the United States, an estimated 75% of HCWs have been vaccinated against hepatitis B. Important differences in coverage levels exist among various demographic groups. Hospitals need to identify methods to improve hepatitis B vaccination coverage levels and should consider developing targeted vaccination programs directed at unvaccinated, at-risk HCWs who have frequent or potential exposure to blood or other potentially infectious material.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/518730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,11]],"date-time":"2007-06-11T15:19:34Z","timestamp":1181575174000},"page":"783-790","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage Levels Among Healthcare Workers in the United States, 2002-2003"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Edgar P.","family":"Simard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy T.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prethibha A.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Wasley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam J.","family":"Alter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beth P.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyn","family":"Finelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0195941700046749_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/420935"},{"key":"S0195941700046749_ref008","volume-title":"Hepatitis Surveillance Report Number 60","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0195941700046749_ref017","volume-title":"Sampling: Design and Analysis","author":"Lohr","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0195941700046749_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471722146"},{"key":"S0195941700046749_ref019","volume-title":"SUDAAN Language Manual, Release 9.0.","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0195941700046749_ref027","first-page":"901","article-title":"Transmission of hepatitis B and C viruses in outpatient settings\u2014New York, Oklahoma, and Nebraska, 2000-2002","volume":"52","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"S0195941700046749_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.385-407.2000"},{"key":"S0195941700046749_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.10.1204"},{"key":"S0195941700046749_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-006-0255-0"},{"key":"S0195941700046749_ref022","first-page":"655","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in immunizations: recommendations for clinicians","volume":"35","author":"Larson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Farn Med"},{"key":"S0195941700046749_ref015","volume-title":"Sampling Procedure for Conducting Immunization Assessment Validation Surveys for School and Day Care Centers","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0195941700046749_ref016","volume-title":"Attribute Sampling Methods for Local Health Departments, With Special Reference to Immunization Surveys","author":"Serfling","year":"1965"},{"key":"S0195941700046749_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30145474"},{"key":"S0195941700046749_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199601000-00005"},{"key":"S0195941700046749_ref014","unstructured":"American Hospital Association Annual Survey Database (http:\/\/www.healthforum.com\/healthforum\/html\/data_statistics\/data_statistics.html). 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