{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T15:20:12Z","timestamp":1759159212675},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2133,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0195941700036250_abs1\"><jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title><jats:p>The presence of methicillin-resistant<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>(MRSA) and glycopeptide-intermediate<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>(GISA) in hospitals poses a significant challenge to hospital infection control teams. The use of disinfectants for both surface and hand cleaning is an essential part of the infection control measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700036250_abs2\"><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the effectiveness of common hospital hand disinfectants against MRSA, GISA, and heterogeneous GISA (hGISA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700036250_abs3\"><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>For methicillin-susceptible S.<jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>(MSSA), MRSA, GISA, and hGISA, the levels of susceptibility to hand disinfectants and their active ingredients were determined. Suspension tests were performed on commercial handwashing products.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700036250_abs4\"><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 2-propanol, Chlorhexidine, and hexachlorophene were similar for all phenotypes. The MICs of cetrimide and triclosan were higher for the MRSA, GISA, and hGISA strains than for the MSSA strain. The MICs for the chlorhexidine-containing agents Hibisol and Hibiscrub (AstraZeneca) and for the propanol-containing agent Sterillium (Medline) were 1-2-fold lower for the MSSA strains than for the MRSA, GISA, and hGISA strains. Suspension tests showed that the GISA and hGISA strains were less susceptible to the triclosan-containing agent Aquasept (SSL) than were the MRSA and MSSA strains, with resistance increasing with glycopeptide resistance. Products containing Betadine (Purdue) were more effective against the GISA and hGISA strains than against the MRSA and MSSA strains, especially after the strain was exposed to the product for 30 seconds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700036250_abs5\"><jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the EN 1040 standard criteria for the performance of disinfectants, we determined that all agents, except 50% Aquasept for hGISA and 0.33% hexachlorophene for GISA, performed effectively. However, the GISA and hGISA strains were less susceptible to triclosan-containing products, compared with the MRSA stains, but were more susceptible to products containing Betadine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/595691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,26]],"date-time":"2009-01-26T21:30:38Z","timestamp":1233005438000},"page":"226-232","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Common Hospital Hand Disinfectants Against Methicillin-Resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus,<\/i>Glycopeptide-Intermediate S.<i>aureus,<\/i>and Heterogeneous Glycopeptide-Intermediate<i>S. aureus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Mandy","family":"Wootton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleri M.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin A.","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(94)90136-8"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(98)90078-0"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/26.4.473"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.10.1997"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090956"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1993.tb04345.x"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref018","first-page":"M100","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.12.3042","article-title":"Increase in resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to \u03b2-lactams caused by mutations conferring resistance to benzalkonium chloride, a disinfectant widely used in hospitals","volume":"43","author":"Akimitsu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg013"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm395"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(99)90424-3"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1988.tb01899.x"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref025","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium","author":"Cookson","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref019","volume-title":"Test methods for the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants in food hygiene","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-619X(92)90012-Y"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(99)90047-6"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0964-8305(95)00056-9"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref030","volume-title":"\u201cClinical Microbiology New Perspectives, \u201c Joint Meeting of the Association of Medical Microbiology, British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Hospital Infection Society and Irish Society of Clinical Microbiology","author":"Farrelly","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0964-8305(95)00054-2"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13475.x"},{"key":"S0195941700036250_ref020","unstructured":"British Standard EN 1040:1997. 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