{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T13:10:13Z","timestamp":1760015413445},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2072,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S019594170003678X_abs1\"><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the relationship between indequate antimicrobial prophylaxis and development of gram-negative bacterial (GNB) surgical site infection (SSI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S019594170003678X_abs2\"><jats:title>Design.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective case-control study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S019594170003678X_abs3\"><jats:title>Setting.<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 369-bed acute care community hospital in Durham, North Carolina.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S019594170003678X_abs4\"><jats:title>Patients.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case patients were defined as patients who developed a GNB SSI after undergoing a surgical procedure during the period from January 1, 1998, through January 1, 2007. Control patients were uninfected patients who underwent surgery during the same study period and were matched to case patients by surgeon and type of procedure. Both patient groups were selected on the basis of prospectively collected data on patients who underwent surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S019594170003678X_abs5\"><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patient data were collected from patient medical records. Multivariable analysis was performed using logistic regression with backward selection, to identify variables independently associated with GNB SSI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S019594170003678X_abs6\"><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case patients were similar to control patients with respect to demographics and comorbid conditions, but were older (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .04), more obese (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .03), and more likely to have diabetes mellitus (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .03). Inappropriate timing of antimicrobial prophylaxis was the predominant reason that prophylaxis was deemed inadequate for both patient groups (59.1% of case patients vs 64.0% of control patients; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .56). Case patients who had a history of allergic reactions to antimicrobial prophylaxis were significantly less likely to receive antimicrobial prophylaxis in a timely manner (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .03). Variables independently associated with GNB SSI in multivariable analysis included urinary catheterization before surgery (odds ratio [OR], 3.74 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.11-12.62), diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.25 [95% CI, 1.02-4.94]), and an American Society of Anesthesiologists score greater than 2 (OR, 2.14 [95% CI, 1.13-4.06]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S019594170003678X_abs7\"><jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title><jats:p>A <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-lactam allergy was not associated with increased risk for GNB SSI. Further studies, using patient data from larger hospital databases, are needed to examine the relationship between use of urinary catheter before surgery and risk of GNB SSI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/596612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,24]],"date-time":"2009-03-24T16:12:22Z","timestamp":1237911142000},"page":"440-446","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Risk Factors for Gram-Negative Bacterial Surgical Site Infection Do Allergies to Antibiotics Increase Risk?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Jane V.","family":"Trinh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke F.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Sexton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deverick J.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1086\/421095","article-title":"Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project","volume":"38","author":"Bratzier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/502424"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref016","first-page":"135","article-title":"Gram-negative bacteremia","volume":"19","author":"McCabe","year":"1974","journal-title":"Adv Intern Med"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199312000-00013"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/75.1.98"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197612000-00017"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMhpr020557"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0902.020232"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref018","first-page":"149","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infection in spinal surgery","volume":"98","author":"Olsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/367653"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198408303110903"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1086\/432803","article-title":"Overview of nosocomial infections caused by gram-negative bacilli","volume":"41","author":"Gaynes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.140.2.174"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/501572"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/505220"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/321860"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.00651.x"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-006-0227-3"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/74.2.131"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref002","first-page":"380","article-title":"A report from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system","volume":"24","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.06.012"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/501620"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/520731"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/502133"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010240"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428626"},{"key":"S019594170003678X_ref012","first-page":"83","article-title":"Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery","volume":"4","year":"2006","journal-title":"Treat Guidel Med Lett"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; 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