{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T07:12:08Z","timestamp":1773558728532,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2072,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0195941700036754_abs1\"><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Research has shown 1.5 minutes of surgical hand antisepsis with alcohol-based hand rub to be at least as effective under experimental conditions as the 3-minute reference disinfection recommended by European Norm 12791. The aim of the present study was to validate the effectiveness of 1.5 minutes of surgical hand antisepsis in a clinical setting by comparing the effectiveness of 1.5- and 3-minute applications of alcohol-based hand rub (45% vol\/vol 2-propanol, 30% vol\/vol 1-propanol, and 0.2% mecetronium ethylsulphate).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700036754_abs2\"><jats:title>Design.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective crossover trial in which each surgeon served as his or her own control, with individual randomization to the 1.5-or the 3-minute group during the first part of the trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700036754_abs3\"><jats:title>Setting.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Basel University Hospital, Switzerland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700036754_abs4\"><jats:title>Participants.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty-two surgeons with different levels of postdoctoral training.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700036754_abs5\"><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>We measured the bactericidal effectiveness of 1.5 minutes and 3 minutes of surgical hand antisepsis with alcohol-based hand rub by assessing the mean (\u00b1 SD) log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> number of colony-forming units before the application of hand rub (baseline), after the application of hand rub (immediate effect), and after surgery (sustained effect) so as to follow European Norm 12791 as closely as possible.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700036754_abs6\"><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>The immediate mean (\u00b1 SD) log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> reduction in colony-forming units (cfu) was 2.66 \u00b11.13 log10 cfu for the 1.5-minute group and 3.01 \u00b11.06 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> cfu for the 3-minute group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .204). Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups with respect to the sustained effect; the mean ( \u00b1 SD) log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> increase in bacterial density during surgery was 1.08 \u00b1 1.13 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> cfu for the 1.5-minute group and 0.95 \u00b1 1.27 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> cfu for the 3-minute group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .708). No adverse effects were recorded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700036754_abs7\"><jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this clinical trial, surgical hand antisepsis with alcohol-based hand rub resulted in a similar bacterial reduction, regardless of whether it was applied for 3 or 1.5 minutes, which confirms experimental data generated with healthy volunteers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/596772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,25]],"date-time":"2009-03-25T12:21:38Z","timestamp":1237983698000},"page":"420-426","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Surgical Hand Antisepsis With Alcohol-Based Hand Rub Comparison of Effectiveness After 1.5 and 3 Minutes of Application"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Walter P.","family":"Weber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Reck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uschi","family":"Neff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Saccilotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Dangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manfred L.","family":"Rotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reno","family":"Frei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Oertli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter R.","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas F.","family":"Widmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2092(06)62949-9"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.863-893.2004"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2002.1281"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/79.1.109"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.12.7066-7069.2004"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2004.09.020"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/507283"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(90)90249-R"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(01)90004-0"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref017","first-page":"1181","article-title":"An evaluation of the duration of the surgical scrub","volume":"129","author":"Dineen","year":"1969","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2003.12.024"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref004","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC\/SHEA\/APIC\/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America\/Association for Professionals in Infection Control\/Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"51","author":"Boyce","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1308\/003588408X242277"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2003.09.001"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(03)00039-2"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2004.09.022"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(01)90010-6"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800780617"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(92)90109-Y"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(03)00298-6"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5184.1445"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.6.722"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref018","first-page":"215","article-title":"Reassessment of the surgical scrub","volume":"147","author":"Galle","year":"1978","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2002.1311"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref027","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization. EN 12791. Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics- surgical hand disinfection-test method and requirements (phase 2\/step 2). Brussels: European Committee for Standardization; 1997."},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313888"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2002.1243"},{"key":"S0195941700036754_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(94)90050-7"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0195941700036754","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T13:55:12Z","timestamp":1556632512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0195941700036754\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0195941700036754"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/596772","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-823X","1559-6834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-823X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-6834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}}}