{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T18:57:37Z","timestamp":1781031457355,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>BackgroundA novel human rhinovirus (HRV) species, HRV-C, was recently discovered, but its clinical features and epidemiology, compared with HRV-A and HRV-B, remains poorly understood, especially in adults<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>MethodsOne thousand two hundred nasopharyngeal aspirate samples obtained from hospitalized children and adults during a 1-year period were subject to reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to detect HRV. The clinical and molecular epidemiology of the 3 HRV species was analyzed<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>ResultsHRVs were detected in 178 (29.7%) of 600 nasopharyngeal aspirate samples from children and 42 (7%) of 600 nasopharyngeal aspirate samples from adults. HRV-A was most prevalent (n=111), followed by HRV-C (n=91) and HRV-B (n=18). Although upper respiratory tract infection was the most common presentation in children, 8 (62%) of the 13 adults with HRV-C infection had pneumonia, compared with 6 (27%) of the 22 adults with HRV-A infection (P&amp;lt;.05). Wheezing episodes were also more common among individuals with HRV-C (37%) and HRV-A (20%) infection than among those with HRV-B (0%) infection (P&amp;lt;.05). Clinical and molecular data analysis revealed HRV-C as a frequent cause of community and institutionalized outbreaks. A diverse set of HRV-C genotypes was circulating throughout the year, among which a potential distinct subgroup of strains was observed<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>ConclusionHRV-C is associated with pneumonia in adults and outbreaks of respiratory infections requiring hospitalization. A potential novel HRV-C subgroup was identified<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1086\/605697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,26]],"date-time":"2009-08-26T18:58:32Z","timestamp":1251313112000},"page":"1096-1103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Human Rhinovirus C in Children and Adults in Hong Kong Reveals a Possible Distinct Human Rhinovirus C Subgroup"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"200","author":[{"given":"Susanna K. P.","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"Research Centre of Infection and Immunology"},{"name":"Carol Yu Center for Infection"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Departments of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril C. Y.","family":"Yip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Departments of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ada W. C.","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney A.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lok-Yee","family":"So","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Lung","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwok-Hung","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Departments of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick C. Y.","family":"Woo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"Research Centre of Infection and Immunology"},{"name":"Carol Yu Center for Infection"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Departments of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwok-Yung","family":"Yuen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"Research Centre of Infection and Immunology"},{"name":"Carol Yu Center for Infection"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Departments of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90275-L","article-title":"Prospective study of aetiology and outcome of adult lower-respiratory-tract infections in the community","volume":"341","author":"Macfarlane","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.2.9808045","article-title":"Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and severity","volume":"160","author":"Ruiz","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13077-2","article-title":"Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"361","author":"Peiris","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6212","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400762101","article-title":"A previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory disease in humans","volume":"101","author":"Fouchier","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1024","article-title":"Identification of a new human coronavirus","volume":"10","author":"van der Hoek","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02614-05","article-title":"Coronavirus HKU1 and other coronavirus infections in Hong Kong","volume":"44","author":"Lau","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.2.884-895.2005","article-title":"Characterization and complete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia","volume":"79","author":"Woo","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref8","first-page":"1898","article-title":"Clinical and molecular epidemiological features of coronavirus HKU1-associated community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"191","author":"Woo","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2005.09.008","article-title":"Evidence of human coronavirus HKU1 and human bocavirus in Australian children","volume":"35","author":"Sloots","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12891","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504666102","article-title":"Cloning of a human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples","volume":"102","author":"Allander","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1086\/521310","article-title":"Clinical and molecular epidemiology of human bocavirus in respiratory and fecal samples from children in Hong Kong","volume":"196","author":"Lau","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-489OC","article-title":"Chronic rhinoviral infection in lung transplant recipients","volume":"174","author":"Kaiser","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1086\/511821","article-title":"Rhinovirus-associated hospitalizations in young children","volume":"195","author":"Miller","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1086\/511829","article-title":"Rhinovirus: more than just a common cold virus","volume":"195","author":"Turner","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.3.1941-1948.1999","article-title":"Molecular evolution of the human enteroviruses: correlation of serotype with VP1 sequence and application to picornavirus classification","volume":"73","author":"Oberste","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80445-0","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of human rhinovirus capsid protein VP1 and 2A protease coding sequences confirms shared genus-like relationships with human enteroviruses","volume":"86","author":"Laine","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.7.3663-3674.2004","article-title":"VP1 sequencing of all human rhinovirus serotypes: insights into genus phylogeny and susceptibility to antiviral capsid-binding compounds","volume":"78","author":"Ledford","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.79897-0","article-title":"Sequence analysis of human rhinoviruses in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase coding region reveals large within-species variation","volume":"85","author":"Savolainen","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-2-333","article-title":"Genetic clustering of all 102 human rhinovirus prototype strains: serotype 87 is close to human enterovirus 70","volume":"83","author":"Savolainen","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1086\/508551","article-title":"MassTag polymerase-chain-reaction detection of respiratory pathogens, including a new rhinovirus genotype, that caused influenza-like illness in New York State during 2004\u20132005","volume":"194","author":"Lamson","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.03.012","article-title":"Characterisation of a newly identified human rhinovirus, HRV-QPM, discovered in infants with bronchiolitis","volume":"39","author":"McErlean","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3655","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01254-07","article-title":"Clinical features and complete genome characterization of a distinct human rhinovirus (HRV) genetic cluster, probably representing a previously undetected HRV species, human rhinovirus-C, associated with acute respiratory illness in children","volume":"45","author":"Lau","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1086\/520816","article-title":"Pan-viral screening of respiratory tract infections in adults with and without asthma reveals unexpected human coronavirus and human rhinovirus diversity","volume":"196","author":"Kistler","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1847","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001847","article-title":"Distinguishing molecular features and clinical characteristics of a putative new rhinovirus species, human rhinovirus C (HRV C)","volume":"3","author":"McErlean","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318182c90a","article-title":"Novel species of human rhinoviruses in acute otitis media","volume":"28","author":"Savolainen-Kopra","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.06.007","article-title":"Multiplex MassTag-PCR for respiratory pathogens in pediatric nasopharyngeal washes negative by conventional diagnostic testing shows a high prevalence of viruses belonging to a newly recognized rhinovirus clade","volume":"43","author":"Dominguez","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1086\/524312","article-title":"A recently identified rhinovirus genotype is associated with severe respiratory-tract infection in children in Germany","volume":"196","author":"Renwick","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1406.080271","article-title":"Global distribution of novel rhinovirus genotype","volume":"14","author":"Briese","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.030009","article-title":"Children with respiratory disease associated with metapneumovirus in Hong Kong","volume":"9","author":"Peiris","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.6.1579-1581.1997","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of rapid diagnosis of viral respiratory tract infections in pediatric patients","volume":"35","author":"Woo","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1086\/507638","article-title":"Seasonal trends of human parainfluenza viral infections: United States, 1990\u20132004","volume":"43","author":"Fry","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e966","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000966","article-title":"A diverse group of previously unrecognized human rhinoviruses are common causes of respiratory illnesses in infants","volume":"2","author":"Lee","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2020051022475860600_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165557","article-title":"Sequencing and analyses of all known human rhinovirus genomes reveal structure and evolution","volume":"324","author":"Palmenberg","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/200\/7\/1096\/33196974\/200-7-1096.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-pdf\/200\/7\/1096\/33196974\/200-7-1096.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T02:48:10Z","timestamp":1589165290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article\/200\/7\/1096\/905657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/605697","relation":{},"ISSN":["1537-6613","0022-1899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1537-6613","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-1899","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]}}}