{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T12:17:32Z","timestamp":1769170652251,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]],"date-time":"2016-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466467200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":8999,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X00086554_abs1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was designed to compare the efficacies of bland soap handwash and isopropyl alcohol hand rinse in preventing transfer of aerobic gram-negative bacilli to urinary catheters via transient hand colonization acquired from direct patient contact. Glove juice recovery of gram-negative bacteria was considered transient colonization; catheter recovery was considered transfer colonization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X00086554_abs2\">\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The contact source for gram-negative bacteria was a single \u201chigh burden\u201d groin skin carrier ( \u2265 10\n                      <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/ml cup scrub fluid). Using a two-period cross-over design, 6 healthcare workers had 2 15-second contacts for each hand followed by either soap handwash or alcohol hand rinse (12 experiments with each treatment). Between 4 to 5 minutes after contact, each hand manipulated a catheter; the catheter was then cultured and the hand was glove juice tested.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X00086554_abs3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Soap handwash failed to prevent gram-negative bacteria transfer to the catheter in 11 of 12 (92%) experiments; alcohol hand rinse in 2 of 12 (17%) (p&lt; .001). Soap handwash failed to prevent transient colonization in 12 of 12 (100%) experiments; alcohol in 5 of 12 (42%) (risk ratio 2.4,95% confidence interval 1.2-4.7). Single gram-negative bacteria species carried at source levels \u2265 5.5 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/ml (heavy contamination) established transient colonization in 23 of 30 (77%) exposures following soap handwash; single gram-negative bacteria species carried at levels \u2264 3.5 \u00d7 103\/ml established colonization in 1 of 22 (5%) similar exposures (p&lt;.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X00086554_abs4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bland soap handwash was generally ineffective in preventing hand transfer of gram-negative bacteria to catheters following brief contact with a heavy-contamination patient source; alcohol hand rinse was generally effective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/646261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]],"date-time":"2009-09-01T12:27:43Z","timestamp":1251808063000},"page":"654-662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Failure of Bland Soap Handwash to Prevent Hand Transfer of Patient Bacteria to Urethral Catheters"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"N. Joel","family":"Ehrenkranz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blanca C.","family":"Alfonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref023","first-page":"337","article-title":"Resistant bacteria and infection control in the nursing home and hospital","volume":"63","author":"Weinstein","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull NY Acad Med"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(88)90193-4"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref011","first-page":"52","volume-title":"Manual of Clinical Microbiology","author":"D'Amato","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S019594170005390X","volume-title":"Guideline for Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections: 1981","author":"Wong","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30148433"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref022","first-page":"252","article-title":"CDC guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals","volume":"4","author":"Garner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Znfect Control"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-109-5-394"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref013","first-page":"156","volume-title":"Principles and Procedures of Statistics","author":"Steel","year":"1960"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref008","first-page":"307","volume-title":"Hospital Infection","author":"Allen","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1972.03200240046016"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref016","first-page":"33","article-title":"Entry of bacteria into the urinary tract of patients with inlying catheters","volume":"282","author":"Kass","year":"1970","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(88)90101-6"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref014","first-page":"104","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions","author":"Fleiss","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/146.6.719"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/128.5.579"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30144263"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400025651"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref012","first-page":"110","volume-title":"Clinical Trials-A Practical Approach","author":"Pocock","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref029","first-page":"345","volume-title":"Hospital Infection","author":"Garibaldi","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref009","first-page":"497","volume-title":"Hospital Infections","author":"DuPont","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198109243051304"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/133.3.363"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30144321"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref021","first-page":"375","volume-title":"Hospital Infections","author":"Stamm","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref026","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Nursing Times","author":"Bradley","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref028","volume-title":"An MRSA outbreak in a SICU during Universal Precautions","author":"Maki","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref015","volume-title":"Modern Epidemiology","author":"Rothman","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30146472"},{"key":"S0195941700017525_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-85-3-398_1","article-title":"Handwashing and Semmelweiss","volume":"85","author":"Steere","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; 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