{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:49:04Z","timestamp":1790225344073,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7612,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0195941700020701_abs1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this quality standard is to prevent nosocomial transmission of measles by assuring universal measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination of all healthcare workers who lack immunity to measles. Although the primary emphasis is on healthcare workers in hospitals, those at other sites, such as clinics, nursing homes, and schools, are also included. It will be the responsibility of designated individuals at these institutions to implement the standard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0195941700020701_abs2\">\n                    <jats:title>Options:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We considered advocating the use of measles vaccine rather than MMR but chose the latter because it also protects against mumps and rubella and because it is more readily available.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0195941700020701_abs3\">\n                    <jats:title>Outcomes:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The desired outcome is a reduction in the nosocomial transmission of measles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0195941700020701_abs4\">\n                    <jats:title>Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although direct comparative studies are lacking, nosocomial outbreaks of measles have been reported (as recently as 1992) in institutions where measles immunization of nonimmune healthcare workers is not universal, whereas such outbreaks have not been reported in institutions with universal immunization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0195941700020701_abs5\">\n                    <jats:title>Values and Validation:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We consulted more than 50 infectious-disease experts in epidemiology, government, medicine, nursing, obstetrics and gynecology pediatrics, and surgery. In light of disagreement regarding the implementation of the standard, we used group discussions to reach a consensus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0195941700020701_abs6\">\n                    <jats:title>Benefits, Harms, and Cost:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The consequences of the transmission of measles (and of mumps and rubella) in a healthcare institution include not only the morbidity and mortality attributable to the disease, but also the significant cost of evaluating and containing an outbreak and the serious disruption of regular hospital routines when control measures are instituted. The potential harm to healthcare workers after the implementation of the standard consists of untoward effects of MMR vaccine, although the reactions of vaccines should be minimal with adherence to recommended vaccination procedures. Implementation of the standard should entail no expense to healthcare workers; the precise cost to institutions is unknown, but the expense would be mitigated by prevention of measles outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0195941700020701_abs7\">\n                    <jats:title>Recommendations:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recommend MMR vaccination of all healthcare workers who lack immunity to measles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0195941700020701_abs8\">\n                    <jats:title>Sponsors:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Quality Standards Subcommittee of the Clinical Affairs Committee of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) developed the standard. The subcommittee was composed of representatives of the IDSA (Drs. Gross and McGowan), the Society for Hospital Epidemiology of America (Dr. Wenzel), the Surgical Infection Society (Dr. Dellinger), the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (Dr. Krause), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Dr. Martone), the Obstetrics and Gynecology Infectious Diseases Society (Dr. Sweet), and the Association of Practitioners of Infection Control (Ms. Barrett). Funding was provided by the IDSA and the other cooperating organizations. The standard is endorsed by the IDSA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/646889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,3]],"date-time":"2009-09-03T13:55:44Z","timestamp":1251986144000},"page":"193-199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Quality Standard for Assurance of Measles Immunity Among Health Care Workers"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Krause","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"the University of Connecticut School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Jersey Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trisha L.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Patchen","family":"Dellinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Martone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Infections Program"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"John E.","family":"McGowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Sweet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard P.","family":"Wenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0195941700020701_bib019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1992.00400190101019","article-title":"Prevalence of measles susceptibility in hospital staff: evidence to support expanding the recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee","volume":"152","author":"Schwarcz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"S0195941700020701_bib028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81953-5"},{"key":"S0195941700020701_bib024","volume-title":"Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0195941700020701_bib006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1966.03110090044013","article-title":"Low birth weight and maternal virus diseases. 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