{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T02:53:40Z","timestamp":1774666420521,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7490,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preventive bacille  Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccination, together with case finding and effective chemotherapy, has formed an integral part of the tuberculosis (TB) control program in most countries. In some low-incidence countries the balance of prevention has been more on the side of chemoprophylaxis than of BCG vaccination. The time clearly has come when the strategy of mass BCG vaccination no longer is indicated medically, nor is it cost-effective. The pros and cons of the programs need to be critically evaluated against the present epidemiological background, taking into account the facts that TB, the killer disease, is recovering strength, human immunodeficiency virus infection is on the increase, and multidrug-resistant TB has changed the outcome of this previously fully curable disease.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Although no longer appropriate for mass programs, BCG vaccination still should be considered for the protection of selected risk groups in low-incidence countries. The overall efficacy may be of the order 50% to 80%, but the variation is great. Therefore, further research urgently is needed on the effectiveness of BCG as an intervention in local TB programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1086\/646958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,3]],"date-time":"2009-09-03T18:01:20Z","timestamp":1252000880000},"page":"497-499","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pros and Cons of BCG Vaccination in Countries with Low Incidence of Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eero O.","family":"Tala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianna M.","family":"Tala-Heikkila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0195941700091098_bib019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199102000-00010","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin immunization in infants born to HIV-1-seropositive mothers","volume":"5","author":"Lallemant-Le Cour","year":"1991","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"S0195941700091098_bib022","first-page":"57","article-title":"Evaluation of the BCG revaccination programme of schoolchildren in Finland","volume":"66","author":"Tala-Heikkil\u00e4","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"S0195941700091098_bib011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8479(92)90149-E","article-title":"The impact of changing BCG coverage on tuberculosis incidence in Swedish-born children between 1969 and 1989","volume":"73","author":"Romanus","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"S0195941700091098_bib009","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Lung Biology in Health and Disease: Tuberculosis","volume":"66","author":"Ten Dam","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0195941700091098_bib017","first-page":"107","article-title":"BCG complications: estimates of the risks among vaccinated subjects and statistical analysis of their main characteristics","volume":"21","author":"Lotte","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ado Tuberc Res"},{"key":"S0195941700091098_bib001","volume-title":"Clinical Tuberculosis","author":"Enarsson"},{"key":"S0195941700091098_bib016","volume-title":"Health Sector Priorities Review. 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