{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T02:35:20Z","timestamp":1787970920446,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6820,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp.\n                                                  Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To\n                                                  evaluate the potential contribution of \u201cextrinsic\u201d\n                                                  contamination of intravenous fluids in hospital\n                                                  bacteremia and infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Prospective\n                                                  cross-sectional survey of infusate contamination,\n                                                  December 1992 to December 1993.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Setting:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A\n                                                  pediatric department (1,500 admissions per year)\n                                                  in a general, urban teaching hospital, serving\n                                                  low-income patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Samples and\n                                                  Patients:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Infusate samples (0.5 to 1.0\n                                                  mL) from the injection port used by the staff were\n                                                  taken for cultures from all febrile or septic\n                                                  patients in hospital wards. At least four samples\n                                                  were taken each day; if no febrile or septic\n                                                  patients were available, other patients were\n                                                  sampled at convenience.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A 6.8%\n                                                  positive culture rate (87 contaminates in 1,277\n                                                  infusates) was obtained, without significant\n                                                  differences among the wards. Gram-negative\n                                                  organisms were recovered from 56 samples (62.9%),\n                                                  mainly of the tribe\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsielleae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (56.1%).\n                                                  Coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated in\n                                                  30 samples (33.7%). There was no significant\n                                                  difference between the febrile-septic group and\n                                                  the asymptomatic group in the rate of infusate\n                                                  contamination (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =.59).\n                                                  In eight patients, the same organisms were\n                                                  recovered from infusate and blood culture. The\n                                                  overall bacteremia rate was 2.5 per 100\n                                                  discharges.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Compared to previous reports, higher infusate\n                                                  contamination rates and different organisms\n                                                  (mainly gram-negative) were observed. In hospitals\n                                                  of underdeveloped countries, nosocomial infection\n                                                  control frequently is disregarded. Infusate\n                                                  contamination may be common and could lead to\n                                                  gram-negative bacteremia. In such settings, it\n                                                  seems advisable to perform surveillance studies to\n                                                  identify infusate contamination, because a single\n                                                  infusate contamination could be a signal for an\n                                                  epidemic.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1086\/647295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,9]],"date-time":"2009-09-09T16:29:13Z","timestamp":1252513753000},"page":"276-280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Pediatric Primary Gram-Negative Nosocomial\n                                                  Bacteremia: A Possible Relationship With Infusate\n                                                  Contamination"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alejandro E.","family":"Mac\u00edas-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de\n                                                  Guanajuato"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General Regional de\n                                                  Le\u00f3n"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan M.","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de\n                                                  Guanajuato"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Vargas-Salado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de\n                                                  Guanajuato"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Guerrero-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General Regional de\n                                                  Le\u00f3n"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"Medina-Valdovinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de\n                                                  Guanajuato"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General Regional de\n                                                  Le\u00f3n"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Ponce-de-Le\u00f3n-Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de la\n                                                  Nutrici\u00f3n \u201cSalvador 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