{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T04:03:23Z","timestamp":1762833803047,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6485,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0195941700019718_abs1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the degree to which, from 1987 to 1990, physicians suspected tuberculosis (TB) in the first 2 hospital days in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with pulmonary disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0195941700019718_abs2\">\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0195941700019718_abs3\">\n                    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>96 hospitals in five US cities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0195941700019718_abs4\">\n                    <jats:title>Patients:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      2,174 adult patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome discharged with a diagnosis of\n                      <jats:italic>Pneumocystis carinii<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia from 1987 to 1990. The diagnosis generally was not known on admission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0195941700019718_abs5\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Physicians suspected TB in the first 2 hospital days in 66% of these patients in 1987, a rate that increased steadily to 74% in 1990. However, the extent to which physicians considered TB among female patients decreased from 76% to 71% over the 4 years. Controlling for confounding variables by multiple logistic regression, the odds that TB would be suspected early increased 1.8-fold among men (odds ratio [OR], 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI\n                      <jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>\n                      ], 1.4-2.4), but not in women (OR, 0.6; CI\n                      <jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 0.2-1.9). Among the five cities, the odds of early suspicion of TB increased most in New York City (OR, 3.9; CI\n                      <jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 2.0-7.9).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0195941700019718_abs6\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physicians considered TB in a timely manner in an increasing majority of male, but not female, high-risk patients during the first years of TB resurgence in the United States. Physicians must be aware of the changing epidemiology of HIV and TB, as well as their practice patterns, to prevent nosocomial transmission of this disease<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/647601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,16]],"date-time":"2009-09-16T14:10:02Z","timestamp":1253110202000},"page":"237-243","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gender Differences in Early Suspicion of Tuberculosis in Hospitalized High-Risk Patients During 4 Epidemic Years, 1987 to 1990"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"J. Peter","family":"Cegielski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Health Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Goetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bronx Veterans' Administration Medical Center and Mount Sinai School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Cohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush Medical College and Cook County Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack A.","family":"DeHovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York Health Science Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles L.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1989.00390060028006"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.6.7952607","article-title":"A rapid preadmission method for predicting inpatient course of disease for patients with HIV-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"150","author":"Bennett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-3-191"},{"volume-title":"Tuberculosis Statistics in the United States, 1990","year":"1992","key":"S0195941700019718_bib032"},{"volume-title":"Tuberculosis Statistics in the United States, 1991","year":"1993","key":"S0195941700019718_bib033"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib002","first-page":"263","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in a health clinic\u2014Florida, 1988","volume":"38","year":"1989","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-5-199309010-00009"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.6.1015"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430150042005","article-title":"Racial differences in care among hospitalized patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, Miami, and Raleigh-Durham","volume":"155","author":"Bennett","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460220059032"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500170058034"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.1.61"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib037","first-page":"2250","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases","author":"Havlir","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90375-N","article-title":"Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"89","author":"Kramer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.257.5073.1055"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1994.00420030136014"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90060-5"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib039","first-page":"A611","article-title":"Pulmonary manifestations due to Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare (MAI) in AIDS patients","volume":"141","author":"Ruf","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib036","first-page":"393","article-title":"The radiographic appearance of tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pre-AIDS","volume":"131","author":"Pitchenik","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198612183152502","article-title":"Exogenous reinfection with tuberculosis in a shelter for the homeless","volume":"315","author":"Nardell","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib019","first-page":"23","article-title":"Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care facilities, 1994","volume":"43","year":"1994","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.87.6.770"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib016","first-page":"140","article-title":"Multi-city study of quality of care for HIV-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: successfully collecting highly sensitive information","volume":"3","author":"Oken","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical Performance and Quality Health Care"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/136.3.570"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199109000-00003","article-title":"HIV infection in North American women: experience with 200 cases and a review of the literature","volume":"70","author":"Carpenter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib030","first-page":"81","article-title":"Update: AIDS among women\u2014United States, 1994","volume":"44","year":"1995","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib017","first-page":"138","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions","author":"Fleiss","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib005","first-page":"585","article-title":"Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among HIVinfected persons\u2014Florida and New York, 1988-1991","volume":"40","year":"1990","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199206043262302","article-title":"An outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among hospitalized patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"326","author":"Edlin","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1994.00420030112011","article-title":"Delayed diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in city hospitals","volume":"154","author":"Mathur","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib009","first-page":"617","article-title":"Differences between men and women with HIV-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"6","author":"Bastian","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520070055038"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib004","first-page":"718","article-title":"Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis to healthcare workers and HIV-infected patients in an urban hospital\u2014Florida","volume":"39","year":"1990","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1988.00380040193027","article-title":"Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis: pulmonary involvement in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"148","author":"Tenholder","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03490100078031"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470190057029"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib010","first-page":"534","article-title":"The use of health services by women with HIV infection","volume":"28","author":"Hellinger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520240043039","article-title":"Survival and disease progression according to gender of patients with HIV infection","volume":"272","author":"Melnick","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"S0195941700019718_bib034","first-page":"259","volume-title":"Textbook of AIDS Medicine","author":"Shafer","year":"1994"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0195941700019718","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T03:32:36Z","timestamp":1762831956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0195941700019718\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,4]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0195941700019718"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/647601","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-823X","1559-6834"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0899-823X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1559-6834"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,4]]}}}