{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:24:14Z","timestamp":1792621454407,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cryptococcosis is a global invasive mycosis associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These guidelines for its management have been built on the previous Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines from 2000 and include new sections. There is a discussion of the management of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in 3 risk groups: (1) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2013infected individuals, (2) organ transplant recipients, and (3) non\u2013HIV-infected and nontransplant hosts. There are specific recommendations for other unique risk populations, such as children, pregnant women, persons in resource-limited environments, and those with Cryptococcus gattii infection. Recommendations for management also include other sites of infection, including strategies for pulmonary cryptococcosis. Emphasis has been placed on potential complications in management of cryptococcal infection, including increased intracranial pressure, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), drug resistance, and cryptococcomas. Three key management principles have been articulated: (1) induction therapy for meningoencephalitis using fungicidal regimens, such as a polyene and flucytosine, followed by suppressive regimens using fluconazole; (2) importance of early recognition and treatment of increased intracranial pressure and\/or IRIS; and (3) the use of lipid formulations of amphotericin B regimens in patients with renal impairment. Cryptococcosis remains a challenging management issue, with little new drug development or recent definitive studies. However, if the diagnosis is made early, if clinicians adhere to the basic principles of these guidelines, and if the underlying disease is controlled, then cryptococcosis can be managed successfully in the vast majority of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1086\/649858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,4]],"date-time":"2010-01-04T14:10:04Z","timestamp":1262614204000},"page":"291-322","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2281,"title":["Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Cryptococcal Disease: 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"John R.","family":"Perfect","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a0Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William E.","family":"Dismukes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a0Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama, Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francoise","family":"Dromer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a0Institut Pasteur, Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Mycologie et Antifongiques, Unit\u00e9 de Mycologie Moleculaire, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a0Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Graybill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a0Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas San Antonio, Audie L. Murphy Veterans Affairs Hospital, San Antonio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Hamill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a0Division of Infectious Diseases, Veteran's Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas S.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a0Department of Infectious Diseases, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a0Department of Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles"},{"name":"\u00a0Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Lortholary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a0Institut Pasteur, Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Mycologie et Antifongiques, Unit\u00e9 de Mycologie Moleculaire, Paris, France"},{"name":"\u00a0Universit\u00e9 Paris-Descartes, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, H\u00f3pital Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minh-Hong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a0Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh College of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Pappas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a0Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama, Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Powderly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a0University College, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a0Wayne State University, Harper Hospital, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack D.","family":"Sobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a0Wayne State University, Harper Hospital, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania C.","family":"Sorrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a0Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Sydney at Westmead, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020110410411795800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1086\/313757","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease. 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