{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T01:58:25Z","timestamp":1782871105670,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"University of Chicago Press","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Sociology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"DOI":"10.1086\/653600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,8]],"date-time":"2010-12-08T10:08:18Z","timestamp":1291802898000},"page":"503-542","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["A Multilevel Systemic Model of Community Attachment: Assessing the Relative Importance of the Community and Individual Levels"],"prefix":"10.1086","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Flaherty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph\u00a0B.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"200","reference":[{"key":"rf1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2005.00191.x"},{"key":"rf2","volume-title":"A Decade of Change in Iowa\u2019s Small Towns","author":"Agnitsch Kerry"},{"key":"rf3","volume-title":"Dillman","author":"Allen John C","year":"1994"},{"key":"rf5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2089334"},{"key":"rf6","volume-title":"Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache","author":"Basso Keith H"},{"key":"rf8","volume-title":"Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and Its Social and Political Consequences. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.","author":"Beck Ulrich","year":"2002"},{"key":"rf9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-0831.1996.tb00626.x"},{"key":"rf10","volume-title":"Bishop","author":"Bess Kimberly D","year":"2002"},{"key":"rf12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1526\/003601108786471530"},{"key":"rf13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.10.080184.002033"},{"key":"rf14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2092624"},{"key":"rf15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-006-9104-3"},{"key":"rf16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1526\/0036011041730545"},{"key":"rf17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764206290630"},{"key":"rf18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6629(199911)27:6<659::AID-JCOP3>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"rf19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(02)00117-2"},{"key":"rf20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-0831.1993.tb00501.x"},{"key":"rf21","volume-title":"Pp. 245\u201346 in Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World","volume":"1","author":"Brown Ralph B"},{"key":"rf22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1526\/0036011053294673"},{"key":"rf23","first-page":"568","volume":"54","author":"Brown Ralph B., H.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rural Sociology"},{"key":"rf24","first-page":"183","volume":"8","author":"Brown Ralph B","year":"1998","journal-title":"Research in Community Sociology"},{"key":"rf25","volume-title":"Raudenbush","author":"Bryk","year":"1992"},{"key":"rf26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/70.4.1077"},{"key":"rf27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00354111"},{"key":"rf28","first-page":"76","volume":"8","author":"Cortese Charles","year":"1977","journal-title":"Western Sociological Review"},{"key":"rf29","volume-title":"meeting of the Rural Sociology Society, Sacramento, Calif., August 12\u201315","author":"Cross Jennifer E"},{"key":"rf30","volume-title":"New York: Free Press.","author":"Durkheim \u00c9mile","year":"1893"},{"key":"rf31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.12.2.121"},{"key":"rf32","first-page":"230","volume":"49","author":"England J. Lynn","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rural Sociology"},{"key":"rf33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511803"},{"key":"rf34","volume-title":"Everything in Its Path: Destruction of Community in the Buffalo Creek Flood","author":"Erikson K. T."},{"key":"rf35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004912417900700402"},{"key":"rf36","volume-title":"To Dwell among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City","author":"Fischer Claude S"},{"key":"rf37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/228462"},{"key":"rf38","volume-title":"The Urban Villagers","author":"Gans Herbert J"},{"key":"rf39","volume-title":"The Levittowners","author":"Gans Herbert J"},{"key":"rf40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.26.1.463"},{"key":"rf41","volume-title":"Fischer","author":"Gerson Kathleen","year":"1977"},{"key":"rf42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.191.4227.535"},{"key":"rf43","volume-title":"As You Sow: Three Studies in the Social Consequences of Agribusiness, 2d ed. Montclair","author":"Goldschmidt Walter"},{"key":"rf44","first-page":"371","volume":"42","author":"Goudy Willis J","year":"1977","journal-title":"Rural Sociology"},{"key":"rf45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-0831.1990.tb00679.x"},{"key":"rf46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/225469"},{"key":"rf47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-0831.1994.tb00519.x"},{"key":"rf48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6040.2009.01268.x"},{"key":"rf49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1389089"},{"key":"rf50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.26.1.441"},{"key":"rf51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1522"},{"key":"rf52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jevp.2001.0221"},{"key":"rf53","volume-title":"Pp. 253\u201378 in Place Attachment, edited by I. Altman and S. Low.","author":"Hummon David M"},{"key":"rf54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2094194"},{"key":"rf55","volume-title":"Pp. 178\u201394 in New Perspectives on the American Community","author":"Hunter Albert"},{"key":"rf56","volume-title":"The Community Press in an Urban Setting, 2d ed","author":"Janowitz Morris"},{"key":"rf57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2094293"},{"key":"rf58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6629(199911)27:6<681::AID-JCOP4>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"rf59","volume-title":"meetings of the Rocky Mountain American Association for the Advancement of Science, Laramie, Wyo.","author":"Kohrs El Dean"},{"key":"rf60","first-page":"541","volume":"49","author":"Krannich Richard S","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rural Sociology"},{"key":"rf61","volume-title":"Introducing Multilevel Modeling","author":"Kreft Ita G. G."},{"key":"rf62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3001_1"},{"key":"rf63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Tally\u2019s Corner","author":"Liebow Elliot","DOI":"10.4000\/books.pur.10509"},{"key":"rf64","first-page":"432","volume":"63","author":"Liu Qiaoming Amy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rural Sociology"},{"key":"rf65","volume-title":"Locality and Inequality: Farm and Industry Structure and Economic Conditions","author":"Lobao Linda"},{"key":"rf66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/230543"},{"key":"rf67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20165"},{"key":"rf68","volume-title":"Lynd","author":"Lynd Robert S","year":"1929"},{"key":"rf69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0022250X.1975.9989847"},{"key":"rf70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001391659803000405"},{"key":"rf71","volume-title":"1998\u20132007. Mplus User\u2019s Guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n Linda K","edition":"5"},{"key":"rf72","volume-title":"The Quest for Community","author":"Nisbet Robert A"},{"key":"rf73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/212433"},{"key":"rf74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20217"},{"key":"rf75","volume-title":"Pp. 183\u2013203 in Psychological Sense of Community: Research, Applications, and Implications","author":"Pretty Grace H"},{"key":"rf76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(02)00079-8"},{"key":"rf77","volume-title":"Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community.","author":"Putnam Robert","year":"2001"},{"key":"rf78","volume-title":"Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling Using Stata","author":"Rabe\u2010Hesketh Sophia"},{"key":"rf79","volume-title":"The Political Consequences of Election Laws","author":"Rae Douglas W"},{"key":"rf80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2186"},{"key":"rf81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0038-4941.00031"},{"key":"rf82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0400400301","volume":"4","author":"Royston Patrick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stata Journal"},{"key":"rf83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0500500404","volume":"5","author":"Royston Patrick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stata Journal"},{"key":"rf84","volume-title":"Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys","author":"Rubin Donald B"},{"key":"rf85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1526\/0036011054831198"},{"key":"rf86","volume-title":"Sigma: A Profile of Iowa\u2019s Rural Communities","author":"Ryan Vernon"},{"key":"rf87","first-page":"323","volume":"50","author":"Salamon Sonya","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rural Sociology"},{"key":"rf88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-0831.1993.tb00514.x"},{"key":"rf89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-0831.2003.tb00126.x"},{"key":"rf90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Newcomers to Old Towns: Suburbanization of the Heartland","author":"Salamon Sonya","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226734118.001.0001"},{"key":"rf91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2095822"},{"key":"rf92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/70.1.43"},{"key":"rf93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/229068"},{"key":"rf94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/497351"},{"key":"rf95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-0831.2001.tb00075.x"},{"key":"rf96","volume-title":"Bosker","author":"Snijders Tom A. B.","year":"1999"},{"key":"rf97","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 10","author":"StataCorp. 2007."},{"key":"rf98","volume-title":"The Eclipse of Community: An Interpretation of American Studies","author":"Stein Maurice R"},{"key":"rf99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-0831.1990.tb00694.x"},{"key":"rf100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-0831.2001.tb00087.x"},{"key":"rf101","first-page":"107","volume":"20","author":"Theodori Gene L","year":"2004","journal-title":"Southern Rural Sociology"},{"key":"rf102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/089419200403839"},{"key":"rf103","volume-title":"Mineola, N.Y.: Dover.","author":"T\u00f6nnies Ferdinand","year":"1887"},{"key":"rf104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08941920802191712"},{"key":"rf105","volume-title":"Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience","author":"Tuan Yi\u2010Fu"},{"key":"rf106","volume-title":"Small Town in Mass Society: Class, Power and Religion in a Rural Community","author":"Vidich Arthur J"},{"key":"rf107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2007.00180.x"},{"key":"rf109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/226906"},{"key":"rf110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/229572"},{"key":"rf111","volume-title":"Street Corner Society","author":"Whyte William Foote"},{"key":"rf112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/217913"},{"key":"rf113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2002.0065"},{"key":"rf114","volume-title":"Family and Kinship in East London","author":"Young Michael"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Sociology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/pdf\/10.1086\/653600","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T18:38:53Z","timestamp":1559846333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/10.1086\/653600"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1086\/653600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/653600","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9602","1537-5390"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9602","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-5390","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}}}