{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:37:17Z","timestamp":1789659437504,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1493,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0195941700039333_abs1\"><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare use of chlorhexidine with use of iodine for preoperative skin antisepsis with respect to effectiveness in preventing surgical site infections (SSIs) and cost.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700039333_abs2\"><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality website, the Cochrane Library, Medline, and EMBASE up to January 2010 for eligible studies. Included studies were systematic reviews, meta-analyses, or randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing preoperative skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine and with iodine and assessing for the outcomes of SSI or positive skin culture result after application. One reviewer extracted data and assessed individual study quality, quality of evidence for each outcome, and publication bias. Meta-analyses were performed using a fixed-effects model. Using results from the meta-analysis and cost data from the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, we developed a decision analytic cost-benefit model to compare the economic value, from the hospital perspective, of antisepsis with iodine versus antisepsis with 2 preparations of chlorhexidine (ie, 4% chlorhexidine bottle and single-use applicators of a 2% chlorhexidine gluconate [CHG] and 70% isopropyl alcohol [IPA] solution), and also performed sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700039333_abs3\"><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nine RCTs with a total of 3,614 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis revealed that chlorhexidine antisepsis was associated with significantly fewer SSIs (adjusted risk ratio, 0.64 [95% confidence interval, [0.51\u20130.80]) and positive skin culture results (adjusted risk ratio, 0.44 [95% confidence interval, 0.35\u20130.56]) than was iodine antisepsis. In the cost-benefit model baseline scenario, switching from iodine to chlorhexidine resulted in a net cost savings of $16-$26 per surgical case and $349,904\u2013$568,594 per year for the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Sensitivity analyses showed that net cost savings persisted under most circumstances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700039333_abs4\"><jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preoperative skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine is more effective than preoperative skin antisepsis with iodine for preventing SSI and results in cost savings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/657134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,22]],"date-time":"2010-10-22T17:05:13Z","timestamp":1287767113000},"page":"1219-1229","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":201,"title":["Systematic Review and Cost Analysis Comparing Use of chlorhexidine with Use of Iodine for Preoperative Skin Antisepsis to Prevent Surgical Site Infection"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ingi","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajender K.","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil O.","family":"Fishman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig A.","family":"Umscheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0195941700039333_ref017","first-page":"003949","volume-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","author":"Edwards","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0195941700039333_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta5220"},{"key":"S0195941700039333_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0902.020232"},{"key":"S0195941700039333_ref010","first-page":"501","volume-title":"Analyzing data and undertaking meta-analyses","author":"Deeks","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0195941700039333_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta7410"},{"key":"S0195941700039333_ref007","volume-title":"NATN standards and recommendations for safe perioperative practice","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0195941700039333_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD"},{"key":"S0195941700039333_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(82)90031-7"},{"key":"S0195941700039333_ref008","unstructured":"3M DuraPrep surgical solution (iodine povacrylex [0.7% available iodine] and isopropyl alcohol, 74% w\/w) patient preoperative skin preparation. http:\/\/solutions.3m.com\/wps\/portal\/3M\/en_US\/SH\/SkinHealth\/products\/catalog\/?PC_7_RJH9U5230GE3E02LECFTDQG207_nid=GSF83Z3YY XbeJLRV63SXXBgl."},{"key":"S0195941700039333_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810988"},{"key":"S0195941700039333_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/509827"},{"key":"S0195941700039333_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(03)00122-4"},{"key":"S0195941700039333_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199605093341901"},{"key":"S0195941700039333_ref004","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). 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