{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:17:03Z","timestamp":1759335423220},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":427,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0195941700034196_abs1\"><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether retractable intravenous devices produced blood splatter and whether blood splatter frequency differed between visual and microscopy detection methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700034196_abs2\"><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this laboratory-based experiment, 105 venipunctures were performed in a simulated brachial vein containing mock venous blood. The retraction mechanism was activated in a testing chamber with precut fabric filters, placed at 3 different locations, to capture blood splatter. Differences in filter mass, visual inspection, and microscopic analysis for presence of blood on filters were the units of analysis. Descriptive statistics, paired Student <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> tests, and <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic> statistics were used for data analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700034196_abs3\"><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood splatter was detected visually and microscopically as follows: filter A, 70% and 71%, respectively; filter B, 12% and 9%, respectively; and filter C, 13% and 10%, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed in the mean mass of filter A between before and after activation when confirmed by the naked eye (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .014) and microscopically (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .0092). Substantial agreement between methods was observed for filter A (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic> = 0.78 [95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.92]), filter B (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic> = 0.73 [95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.95]), and filter C (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic> = 0.75 [95% confidence interval, 0.55-0.96]). However, blood was detected by microscopy and not by the naked eye in 7 instances (7%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0195941700034196_abs4\"><jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings demonstrate that splatter, which can potentially expose healthcare workers (HCWs) to bloodborne pathogens, is associated with the activation of intravascular catheters with retraction mechanisms. HCWs may not detect this splatter when it occurs and may not report a splash to mucous membranes or nonintact skin. The need to wear personal protective equipment when using such devices is reinforced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/673462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]],"date-time":"2013-09-24T01:07:12Z","timestamp":1379984832000},"page":"1174-1180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparison of Visual versus Microscopic Methods to Detect Blood Splatter from an Intravascular Catheter with Engineered Sharps Injury Protection"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Aiysha","family":"Ansari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Padmaja","family":"Ramaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lillian","family":"Collazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamisu M.","family":"Salihu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Haiduven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7748\/ns2011.12.26.15.42.c8870"},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref015","first-page":"378","volume-title":"Social Sciences Research Design and Statistics.","author":"Ravai","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.04.212"},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/668030"},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2004.11.011"},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.1999.00749.x"},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref002","volume-title":"Needlestick safety and prevention: independent study module","author":"Foley","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref016","unstructured":"University of North Carolina Department of Epidemiology. Bloodborne pathogens: an occupational hazard for healthcare workers, http:\/\/www.unc.edu\/rlensley\/bbp.htm. 2010. Accessed May 19, 2013."},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.03.004"},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2002.02571.x"},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref003","first-page":"42","article-title":"How to evaluate sharp safety engineered devices","volume":"36","author":"Ford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nurs Times"},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/651301"},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref019","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens: needlestick and other sharps injuries; final rule. http:\/\/www.osha.gov\/SLTC\/bloodbornepathogens\/standards.html. 2001. Accessed October 23, 2012."},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref005","first-page":"S22","article-title":"Patients, needles, and healthcare workers: understanding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C, and cytomegalovirus","volume":"18","author":"Hibberd","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Intraven Nurs"},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.1.28"},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqm046"},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Updated U.S. Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to HIV and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis","volume":"54","author":"Panlilio","year":"2005","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Updated U.S. Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis","volume":"50","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"S0195941700034196_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218957710002478"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0195941700034196","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]],"date-time":"2019-04-23T19:13:27Z","timestamp":1556046807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0195941700034196\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0195941700034196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/673462","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-823X","1559-6834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-823X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-6834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}}}