{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:25:50Z","timestamp":1791253550796,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]],"date-time":"2016-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462838400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":829,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0899823X00190853_abs1\"><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our aim was to evaluate the impact of aerators on water microbiological contamination in at-risk hospital departments, with a view to quantifying the possible risk of patient exposure to waterborne microorganisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X00190853_abs2\"><jats:title>Design.<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed the microbiological and chemical-physical characteristics of hot and cold water in some critical hospital departments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X00190853_abs3\"><jats:title>Setting.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hospitals in northern Italy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X00190853_abs4\"><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>We took 304 water samples over a 1-year period, at 3-month intervals, from taps used by healthcare personnel for handwashing, surgical washing, and the washing of medical equipment. We analyzed heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) at 36\u00b0C and 22\u00b0C, nonfastidious gram-negative bacteria (GNB-NE), and<jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X00190853_abs5\"><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>The percentages of positivity and mean values of HPCs at 22\u00b0C, HPCs at 36\u00b0C, and GNB-NE loads were significantly higher at outlet points than in the plumbing system. In particular, GNB-NE positivity was higher at outlet points than in the plumbing system in both the cold water (31.58% vs 6.58% of samples were positive) and hot water (21.05% vs 3.95%) supplies. Our results also revealed contamination by<jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>both in the plumbing system and at outlet points, with percentages of positive samples varying according to the serogroup examined (serogroups 1 and 2-14). The mean concentrations displayed statistically significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; .001) differences between the outlet points (27,382.89 \u00b1 42,245.33 colony-forming units [cfu]\/L) and the plumbing system (19,461.84 \u00b1 29,982.11 cfu\/L).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X00190853_abs6\"><jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results reveal a high level of contamination of aerators by various species of gram-negative opportunists that are potentially very dangerous for immunocompromised patients and, therefore, the need to improve the management of these devices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1086\/674863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,17]],"date-time":"2014-01-17T20:55:23Z","timestamp":1389992123000},"page":"122-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The Impact of Aerators on Water Contamination by Emerging Gram-Negative Opportunists in At-Risk Hospital Departments"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Cristina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Spagnolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Casini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Baggiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro Del","family":"Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Brusaferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Poscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Moscato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Perdelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0899823X00190853_ref008","volume-title":"Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities: Recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)","author":"Sehulster","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0899823X00190853_ref017","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Water quality: enumeration of culturable micro-organisms. Colony count by inoculation in a nutrient agar culture medium. ISO 6222. 1999."},{"key":"S0899823X00190853_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/502342"},{"key":"S0899823X00190853_ref021","unstructured":"Italian Health Ministry. Linee guida per la prevenzione ed il controllo della legionellosi. 2000. http:\/\/www.salute.gov.it\/imgs\/C_17_normativa_1601_allegato.pdf Accessed April 20, 2013."},{"key":"S0899823X00190853_ref015","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 e des Solidarit\u00e9s. L'eau dans les \u00e9tablissements de sant\u00e9. 2007. http:\/\/www.sante.gouv.fr\/IMG\/pdf\/Guide_technique_de_l_eau_dans_les_etablissements_de_sante_-_edition_2005.pdf. 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