{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T22:15:26Z","timestamp":1778710526792,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"University of Chicago Press","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1086\/740425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T22:04:29Z","timestamp":1778709869000},"page":"183-188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Should Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses Be Living Kidney Donors?"],"prefix":"10.1086","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Anna E.","family":"Blech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"200","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"p_n_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Blood Transfusions and Jehovah's Witnesses","volume":"85","author":"Thompson H.A.","year":"1989","unstructured":"H.A. Thompson , \" Blood Transfusions and Jehovah's Witnesses ,\" Texas Medicine 85 , no. 4 ( 1989 ): 57 - 59 .","journal-title":"Texas Medicine"},{"key":"p_n_2","unstructured":"\"What Does the Bible Say About Blood Transfusions? \" JW.ORG (Jehovah's Witnesses) https:\/\/www .jw.org\/en\/bible-teachings\/questions\/bible-about -blood-transfusion\/."},{"key":"p_n_3","unstructured":"\"Religious and Ethical Position on Medical Therapy and Related Matters \" JW.org https:\/\/www .jw.org\/en\/medical-library\/medical-information\/ret \/religious-ethical-position\/."},{"key":"p_n_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2007.00464.x"},{"key":"p_n_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212748"},{"key":"p_n_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e32834bd72b"},{"key":"p_n_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2011.09.005"},{"key":"p_n_8","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"p_n_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.9907"},{"key":"p_n_10","unstructured":"Lentine and Patel \"Risks and Outcomes \" see"},{"key":"p_n_11","unstructured":"note 7 above."},{"key":"p_n_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.10.014"},{"key":"p_n_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.2010.01336.x"},{"key":"p_n_14","unstructured":"\"Living Donors-the Gift of Life \" Johns Hopkins Medicine https:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/trans plant\/programs\/kidney\/living-donors#:~:textpMust %20be%20at%20least%2018."},{"key":"p_n_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.118"},{"key":"p_n_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02361.x"},{"key":"p_n_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181846"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_n_18","first-page":"133","article-title":"Living Donor Liver Transplantation in the USA","volume":"5","author":"Kim P.T.","year":"2016","unstructured":"P.T. Kim and G. Testa , \" Living Donor Liver Transplantation in the USA ,\" Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 5 , no. 2 ( April 2016 ): 133 - 140 , https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.3978\/j.issn.2304-3881.2015.06.01. 10.3978\/j.issn.2304-3881.2015.06.01","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition"},{"key":"p_n_19","volume-title":"Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations","author":"Billett H.H.","year":"1990","unstructured":"H.H. Billett , \" Hemoglobin and Hematocrit ,\" in Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations , 3 rd ed., ed. H.K. Walker, W.D. Hall, and J.W. Hurst (Butterworths , 1990 ), chap. 151.","edition":"3"},{"key":"p_n_20","volume-title":"UpToDate, updated","author":"Carson J.L.","year":"2026","unstructured":"J.L. Carson and S. Kleinman , \" Indications and Hemoglobin Thresholds for RBC Infusion in Adults ,\" UpToDate, updated 8 January 2026 , https:\/\/www .uptodate.com\/contents\/indications-and-hemoglo bin-thresholds-for-rbc-transfusion-in-adults."},{"key":"p_n_21","first-page":"35","article-title":"Anaesthesia and Critical Care of Jehovah's Witnesses","volume":"4","author":"Milligan L.J.","year":"2004","unstructured":"L.J. Milligan and M.C. Bellamy , \" Anaesthesia and Critical Care of Jehovah's Witnesses ,\" Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care and Pain 4 ( 2004 ): 35 - 39 .","journal-title":"Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care and Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_n_22","first-page":"42","article-title":"Determination of Unnecessary Blood Transfusion by Comprehensive 15-Hospital Record Review","volume":"49","author":"Jadwin D.F.","year":"2023","unstructured":"D.F. Jadwin , \" Determination of Unnecessary Blood Transfusion by Comprehensive 15-Hospital Record Review ,\" Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 49 , no. 1 ( 2023 ): 42 - 52 .","journal-title":"Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety"},{"key":"p_n_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00101-019-0617-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_n_24","first-page":"33","article-title":"Surgery in Jehovah's Witnesses-Our Experience","volume":"10","author":"Trzci\u0144ski R.","year":"2015","unstructured":"R. Trzci\u0144ski , \" Surgery in Jehovah's Witnesses-Our Experience ,\" Przeglad Gastroenterologiczny 10 , no. 1 ( 2015 ): 33 - 40 .","journal-title":"Przeglad Gastroenterologiczny"},{"key":"p_n_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RRU.S229431"},{"key":"p_n_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1308\/147870811X589155"},{"key":"p_n_27","unstructured":"Mateo etal. \"Living Related Donor Nephrectomy \" see"},{"key":"p_n_28","unstructured":"note 4 above."},{"key":"p_n_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-3-200608010-00006"},{"key":"p_n_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1000950"},{"key":"p_n_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016490"},{"key":"p_n_32","unstructured":"American Medical Association \"AMA Code of Medical Ethics Opinion 6.1.1: Transplantation of Organs from Living Donors \" https:\/\/code-medical -ethics.ama-assn.org\/ethics-opinions\/transplanta tion-organs-living-donors#:~:textpEnsure%20that %20living%20donors%20do to%20the%20donor %20or%20not."},{"key":"p_n_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/JCE2016273187"},{"key":"p_n_34","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"p_n_35","unstructured":"Kim and Testa \"Living Donor Liver Transplantation \" see"},{"key":"p_n_36","unstructured":"note 17 above."},{"key":"p_n_37","volume-title":"January","author":"Young M.","year":"2024","unstructured":"M. Young and A. Wagner , Medical Ethics (StatPearls , January 2024 ), https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm .nih.gov\/books\/NBK535361\/."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/pdf\/10.1086\/740425","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T22:04:42Z","timestamp":1778709882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/10.1086\/740425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1086\/740425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/740425","relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-7890","1945-5879"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1046-7890","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-5879","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}}}