{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:11:07Z","timestamp":1792660267981,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,3,1]]},"DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/36\/3\/001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T02:58:05Z","timestamp":1030244285000},"page":"299-328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":454,"title":["Solar ultraviolet radiation effects on biological systems"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"B L","family":"Diffey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"43","volume":"4","author":"Andraessi K","year":"1987","journal-title":"Photodermatology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0108-9684","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1988.tb03588.x","volume":"14","author":"Armstrong B K","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0148-0812","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70148-6"},{"key":"4","first-page":"233","author":"Baker K S","year":"1982"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1990.tb08238.x"},{"key":"6","first-page":"273","volume":"2","author":"Beitner H","year":"1985","journal-title":"Photodermatology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0108-9684","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"7","author":"Bener P","year":"1972"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1976.tb06877.x"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1982.tb03830.x"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1986)025<0087:SSSMFD>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1989.tb02907.x"},{"key":"12","first-page":"161","author":"Bj\u00f6rn L O","year":"1989"},{"key":"13","first-page":"555","volume":"23","author":"Bj\u00f6rn L O","year":"1985","journal-title":"Physiol. Veg.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0031-9368","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"14","first-page":"114","volume":"22","author":"Blumthaler M","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annal. Meteorol."},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2326634"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1984.tb04622.x"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4018(82)90033-5"},{"key":"18","first-page":"103","volume":"3","author":"Chapman S","year":"1930","journal-title":"Mem. Roy. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"19","author":"Chapman J","year":"1988"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90214-8"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1986.tb05605.x"},{"key":"22","first-page":"272","volume":"122","author":"Cox N H","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-0963","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"23","author":"Cutchis P","year":"1980"},{"key":"24","first-page":"701","author":"Damkaer D M","year":"1982"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91296-8","author":"Dent C E","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/22\/2\/010","volume":"22","author":"Diffey B L","year":"1977","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0031-9155","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/27\/5\/006","volume":"27","author":"Diffey B L","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0031-9155","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"28","first-page":"75","author":"Diffey B L","year":"1986"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1987.tb04735.x"},{"key":"30","first-page":"118","volume":"4","author":"Diffey B L","year":"1987","journal-title":"Photodermatology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0108-9684","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"31","first-page":"2","volume":"9","author":"Diffey B L","year":"1990","journal-title":"Semin. Dermatol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0278-145X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"32","author":"Diffey B L","year":"1988"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1988.tb02694.x"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1989.tb01325.x"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1977.tb14249.x"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1987.tb05810.x"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/24\/5\/006","volume":"24","author":"Diffey B L","year":"1979","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0031-9155","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.19.002140"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.20.000636"},{"key":"40","author":"Driscoll C M H","year":"1989"},{"key":"41","first-page":"283","author":"Ehrlich P R","year":"1977"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3002(52)90004-8"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1988.tb03373.x","volume":"14","author":"Evans","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0148-0812","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"44","author":"Exton-Smith A N","year":"1972"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/315207a0"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12476577"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112400","volume":"105","author":"Fears T R","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidermiol."},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(86)90079-2"},{"key":"49","first-page":"33","volume":"2","author":"Fitzpatrick T B","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Med. Esthet."},{"key":"50","first-page":"687","author":"Fitzpatrick T B","year":"1983"},{"key":"51","author":"Food","year":"1981"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1989.tb02908.x"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/php.1990.51.6.757","volume":"51","author":"Frederick J E","year":"1990","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0031-8655","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1989.tb05548.x"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/55.5.1119","volume":"55","author":"Freeman R G","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Nat. Cancer Inst.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-8874","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"56","first-page":"277","author":"Freifelder D","year":"1987"},{"key":"57","first-page":"57","author":"Gange R W","year":"1986"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.68.1768.479-a"},{"key":"59","author":"Gerstl S A W","year":"1983"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1990.tb16131.x"},{"key":"61","first-page":"405","author":"Gordon D","year":"1976"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1988.tb02849.x"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1980.tb03683.x"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1974.tb06508.x"},{"key":"65","author":"de Gruijl F R","year":"1982"},{"key":"66","author":"Harm W","year":"1980"},{"key":"67","first-page":"219","author":"Hawk J L M","year":"1982"},{"key":"68","first-page":"33","author":"Henderson S T","year":"1977"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-82641-2_3","volume":"102","author":"Holman C D J","year":"1986","journal-title":"Recent Results Cancer Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0080-0015","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1983.tb01779.x"},{"key":"71","first-page":"317","volume":"25","author":"Holman C D J","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-0920","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(89)80009-0"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12456326"},{"key":"74","first-page":"83","volume":"2","author":"Huntsman A G","year":"1925","journal-title":"Contrib. Can. Biol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0381-2383","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"75","first-page":"174","author":"Jagger J","year":"1985"},{"key":"76","first-page":"71","author":"Josefsson W","year":"1986"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.114.1.46"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1984.tb04646.x"},{"key":"79","first-page":"215","volume":"3","author":"Kligman L H","year":"1986","journal-title":"Photodermatol."},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/php.1990.51.6.765","volume":"51","author":"Koh H K","year":"1990","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0031-8655","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/5\/1\/425","volume":"5","author":"Kok C J","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3727","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1988.tb08845.x"},{"key":"83","first-page":"488","volume":"11","author":"Kushelevsky A P","year":"1975","journal-title":"Isr. J. Med. Sci.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-2180","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555562507512","volume":"62","author":"Lark\u00f6 O","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Dermatol. Venereol, Stockholm"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1989.tb05554.x"},{"key":"86","first-page":"55","volume":"9","author":"Lehmann A R","year":"1990","journal-title":"Semin. Dermatol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0278-145X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"87","author":"Lemon E R","year":"1983"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1990.tb16118.x"},{"key":"89","first-page":"494","volume":"15","author":"Loggie B W","year":"1988","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0093-7754","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/15\/4\/013","volume":"15","author":"McCullough E C","year":"1970","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0031-9155","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92097-7","author":"MacKie R M","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"92","first-page":"83","author":"McKinlay A F","year":"1987"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112134"},{"key":"94","first-page":"403","volume":"35","author":"Miescher G","year":"1930","journal-title":"Strahlentherapie"},{"key":"95","first-page":"154","author":"Miller G T","year":"1982"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/249810a0"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.121.9.1160"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/28\/5\/011","volume":"28","author":"Moseley H","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phyd. Med. Biol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0031-9155","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"99","author":"Muir C","year":"1987"},{"key":"100","author":"NAS","year":"1979"},{"key":"101","author":"NAS","year":"1984"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.93.2.211"},{"key":"103","first-page":"62","author":"OPCS","year":"1981"},{"key":"104","author":"Paltridge G W","year":"1978"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1982.tb04362.x"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(83)70186-6"},{"key":"107","first-page":"35","author":"Patrick M H","year":"1976"},{"key":"108","first-page":"42","author":"Peak M J","year":"1986"},{"key":"109","author":"Pitts D G","year":"1976"},{"key":"110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0002889718506444"},{"key":"111","first-page":"575","volume":"44","author":"Preece M A","year":"1975","journal-title":"Q. J. Med.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0033-5622","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(87)80487-5"},{"key":"113","author":"Robertson D F","year":"1972"},{"key":"114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1990.tb01969.x"},{"key":"115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538609071479"},{"key":"116","first-page":"71","volume":"15","author":"Roy C R","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans. Menzies Foundations"},{"key":"117","first-page":"49","author":"Rundel R","year":"1986"},{"key":"118","first-page":"131","author":"Rupert C S","year":"1982"},{"key":"119","first-page":"213","volume":"2","author":"Schothorst A A","year":"1985","journal-title":"Photodermatol."},{"key":"120","first-page":"269","author":"Schothorst A","year":"1987"},{"key":"121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3340857"},{"key":"122","author":"Scotto J","year":"1981"},{"key":"123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.71.9.3363"},{"key":"124","first-page":"155","author":"Slaper H","year":"1987"},{"key":"125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(87)80074-3","volume":"13","author":"Sliney D H","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract Surg.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0886-3350","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"126","first-page":"5","volume":"103","author":"Smith G J","year":"1990","journal-title":"NZ Med. J."},{"key":"127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1989.tb05550.x"},{"key":"128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1979.tb07054.x"},{"key":"129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1980.tb03750.x"},{"key":"130","first-page":"23","volume":"4","author":"Sober A J","year":"1987","journal-title":"Photodermatology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0108-9684","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"131","author":"SORG","year":"1990"},{"key":"132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/247563a0"},{"key":"133","first-page":"173","author":"Sterenborg H J C M","year":"1987"},{"key":"134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.122.5.537"},{"key":"135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)92628-6","author":"Swan C H J","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555551151156","volume":"51","author":"Swanbeck G","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta. Dermatol. Venereol, Stockholm"},{"key":"137","first-page":"384","author":"Tarrant A W S","year":"1975"},{"key":"138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1989.tb05553.x"},{"key":"139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198812013192201","volume":"319","author":"Taylor H R","year":"1988","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1533-4406","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070020555039","volume":"107","author":"Taylor H R","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Opthalmol."},{"key":"141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1983.tb04203.x"},{"key":"142","first-page":"165","author":"Teramura A H","year":"1986"},{"key":"143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1989.tb05552.x"},{"key":"144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198509263131305","volume":"313","author":"Tucker M A","year":"1985","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1533-4406","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"145","first-page":"634","author":"Urbach F","year":"1969"},{"key":"146","first-page":"261","author":"Urbach F","year":"1982"},{"key":"147","first-page":"3","author":"Urbach F","year":"1987"},{"key":"148","first-page":"259","author":"Urbach F","year":"1974"},{"key":"149","first-page":"317","volume":"47","author":"Vager\u00f6 D","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Indust. Med."},{"key":"150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1984.tb08872.x"},{"key":"151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-5-882"},{"key":"152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.8.1.375"},{"key":"153","first-page":"337","volume":"67","author":"Webb A R","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70161-9"},{"key":"155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070010897038","volume":"107","author":"West S K","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"156","author":"Wester U","year":"1984"},{"key":"157","first-page":"275","author":"Wester U","year":"1987"},{"key":"158","first-page":"120","volume":"14","author":"Wetzler V R","year":"1959","journal-title":"Arch. Geschwuelstforsch."},{"key":"159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-61-723-264","volume":"61","author":"Wheldon T E","year":"1988","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-1285","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"160","first-page":"305","author":"Whittaker R H","year":"1975"},{"key":"161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0745-7138(86)90045-X","volume":"9","author":"Worrest R C","year":"1986","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0745-7138","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1990.tb16135.x"},{"key":"163","first-page":"49","volume":"103","author":"Young A R","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cosmet Toiletries","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0361-4387","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000264710"}],"container-title":["Physics in Medicine and Biology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T22:57:43Z","timestamp":1704409063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/36\/3\/001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,3,1]]},"references-count":164,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/36\/3\/001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,3,1]]}}}