{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:14:01Z","timestamp":1791483241375,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/page\/copyright"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["1745302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1745302"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 DC016874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DC016874"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Micromech. Microeng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> We present the \u2018UmboMic,\u2019 a prototype piezoelectric cantilever microphone designed for future use with totally-implantable cochlear implants. <jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic> The UmboMic sensor is made from polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) because of its low Young\u2019s modulus and biocompatibility. The sensor is designed to fit in the middle ear and measure the motion of the underside of the eardrum at the umbo. To maximize its performance, we developed a low noise charge amplifier in tandem with the UmboMic sensor. This paper presents the performance of the UmboMic sensor and amplifier in fresh cadaveric human temporal bones. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. When tested in human temporal bones, the UmboMic apparatus achieves an equivalent input noise of 32.3\u2009dB SPL over the frequency range 100\u2009Hz\u20137\u2009kHz, good linearity, and a flat frequency response to within 10\u2009dB from about 100\u2009Hz\u20136\u2009kHz. <jats:italic>Conclusion.<\/jats:italic> These results demonstrate the feasibility of a PVDF-based microphone when paired with a low-noise amplifier. The reported UmboMic apparatus is comparable in performance to a conventional hearing aid microphone. <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic> The proof-of-concept UmboMic apparatus is a promising step towards creating a totally-implantable cochlear implant. A completely internal system would enhance the quality of life of cochlear implant users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6439\/ad5c6d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T18:20:26Z","timestamp":1719512426000},"page":"085010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The UmboMic: a PVDF cantilever microphone\n                  <sup>*<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6397-2921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron J","family":"Yeiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0695-7873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma F","family":"Wawrzynek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6121-1619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Z","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9843-2036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Graf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8343-7934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher I","family":"McHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7417-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kymissis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3586-7769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth S","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5765-4369","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeffrey H","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1377-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideko","family":"Heidi Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"jmmad5c6dbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5691","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353638","article-title":"A laboratory study on a capacitive displacement sensor as an implant microphone in totally implant cochlear hearing aid systems","author":"Huang","year":"2007"},{"key":"jmmad5c6dbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2298\/FUEE0201073V","article-title":"Development of a totally implantable hearing aid","volume":"vol 1","author":"Vujanic","year":"2002"},{"key":"jmmad5c6dbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17703","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3085825","article-title":"Design and experimental assessment of low-noise piezoelectric microelectromechanical systems vibration sensors","volume":"21","author":"Hake","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. 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