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Phys.: Condens. Matter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This perspective explores the fundamentals of hot-carrier cooling using time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectroscopy and diverse analysis methods, including full lineshape (FLS) modeling, to reliably extract hot-carrier temperature dynamics, while highlighting strategies to tune cooling rates for advanced optoelectronics. TRPL spectroscopy stands out as a uniquely powerful tool for probing hot-carrier dynamics, directly accessing radiative recombination from thermalized carrier populations to uncover intrinsic carrier temperature and its temporal evolution. Unlike absorption-based techniques, which often target non-emissive states or demand indirect modeling of state filling and bleaching, TRPL delivers a physically intuitive perspective on carrier cooling via the emitted photon energy distribution. Yet, accurate extraction of hot-carrier parameters requires rigorous spectral modeling; common approaches like peak shifts or high-energy tail fitting, despite their popularity, suffer from ambiguities tied to spectral broadening, fitting-range selection, and overlapping relaxation processes. FLS modeling represents a pivotal advance, utilizing the entire spectral profile for self-consistent retrieval of carrier temperatures and cooling rates, rooted in solid physical foundations. This methodology proves crucial for setting reliable benchmarks as interest surges in hot-carrier materials and devices\u2014especially hot-carrier solar cells (HCSCs)\u2014facilitating robust comparisons across materials and experiments to inform next-generation optoelectronic innovations. Here, TRPL paired with advanced modeling offers a timely framework for deciphering hot-carrier behavior. Challenges persist for viable HCSCs: hot-phonon bottlenecks (HPB) hinder cooling through delayed LO-phonon decay, but achieved lifetimes still fall short for practical device extraction. Colloidal core\/shell quantum dots (II\u2013VI and heterostructures) exhibit slower dynamics owing to phonon confinement, diminished escape pathways, and interfacial scattering, though they often miss elite optoelectronic qualities. Metal-halide perovskites shine with superior absorption, extended diffusion lengths, defect resilience, and tunable bandgaps, yet cool more rapidly. Hybrid designs, such as perovskite heterostructures or core\/shell mimics, hold promise by fusing these assets\u2014amplifying HPB effects alongside efficient charge transport\u2014to propel HCSCs toward practical deployment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648x\/ae7e32","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:53:11Z","timestamp":1781650391000},"page":"283001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding hot-carrier cooling in semiconductors through ultrafast photoluminescence spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7939-8539","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Srimanta","family":"Gogoi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6312-9333","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sachin Dev","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"cmae7e32bib1","author":"Shah","year":"1999","type":"book"},{"key":"cmae7e32bib2","author":"Shah","year":"1992","type":"book"},{"key":"cmae7e32bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.9b00251","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Slow carrier cooling in hybrid Pb-Sn halide perovskites","volume":"4","author":"Verma","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"cmae7e32bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.22.1304","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Radiative recombination from photoexcited hot carriers in GaAs","volume":"22","author":"Shah","year":"1969","journal-title":"Phys. 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